A shopping center is a modern term, especially North America, for the form of shopping area or shopping center , where one or more store- store representing merchandisers with interconnecting sidewalks that allow customers to walk from unit to unit. A shopping arcade is a special kind of shopping center that is usually distinguished in English for shopping malls by the fact that connecting sidewalks is not owned by sole proprietors and is in the open air. Shopping centers in 2017 account for 8% of retail space in the United States.
Many of the earliest shopping spots such as Burlington Arcade in London, Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, and a number of famous and still-traded Paris arcades. However, many smaller arcades have been destroyed, replaced with large centers or "malls", often accessed by vehicles. Technical innovations such as electric lighting and escalators were introduced since the late 19th century.
From the end of the 20th century, entertainment venues such as cinemas and restaurants are being added. As one structure is built, early shopping centers are often a significant architectural construction, allowing richer customers to buy items in a space protected from the weather.
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Regional differences
In places around the world, the term shopping center is used, especially in Europe, Australia and South America. Mall is a term used primarily in North America. Outside of North America, "shopping areas" and "shopping malls" are also used. In North America, Gulf countries, and India, the term shopping center is usually applied to closed retail structures (and usually abbreviated to just mall ), while shopping center usually refers to open retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have a large parking lot, face a major traffic artery, and have several pedestrian connections to the surrounding neighborhood.
In the UK and Ireland, the "mall" is usually referred to as a shopping center . The Mall mainly refers to one of the shopping centers - the place where the store collects all alongside the pedestrian area - or a pedestrian-only street that lets the buyer run uninterrupted from vehicular traffic. In North America, the mall is usually used to refer to large shopping areas usually consisting of one building containing multiple stores, usually "anchored" by one or more department stores surrounded by parking lots, while the term "arcade "is more commonly used, especially in the United Kingdom, to refer to pedestrian streets only, often closed or among nearby buildings (see downtown).
The majority of UK shopping centers are located in the city center, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by open-air shopping streets. Great examples include West Quay in Southampton; Manchester Arndale; Bullring Birmingham; Liverpool One; Trinity Leeds; Buchanan Gallery in Glasgow; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne. In addition to inner city shopping centers, major conurbations in Britain will also have regional "malls" outside major cities such as Metrocentre in Gateshead; Meadowhall Center, Sheffield serves South Yorkshire; Trafford Center in Greater Manchester; White Rose Center in Leeds; Merry Hill Center near Dudley; and Bluewater in Kent. These centers were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but the planning regulations prohibit further development. The development of out-of-town shopping in the UK is now focused on retail parks, consisting of groups of warehouse style stores with individual entrances from outside. The planning policy prioritizes the development of the existing city center, although with patchwork success. Westfield Stratford City, in Stratford (London), is Europe's largest shopping mall with over 330 stores, 50 restaurants and 11-screen cinemas and Westfield London is the largest shopping mall in Europe's largest city. Bullring, Birmingham is Britain's busiest shopping center that welcomes more than 36.5 million buyers in its opening year. There are reported 222 malls in Europe. By 2014, these malls have combined sales of $ 12.47 billion. This represents a 10% increase in revenue from the previous year.
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Shopping area development and building type
One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, on forums where shopping markets are located. One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajan's Market in Rome located in the Trajan Forum. The Trajan market may be built around 100-110 AD by Apollodorus of Damascus, and is considered the world's oldest shopping center - the forerunner of today's shopping center. The Istanbul Grand Bazaar was built in the 15th century and remains one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with over 58 streets and 4,000 stores. Many other covered shopping areas, such as the 19th century Souq Al-Hamidiyah in Damascus, Syria, may also be considered a precursor for today's shopping centers. Grand Bazaar Isfahan, which is mostly closed, dates from the 10th century. The 10 kilometer long Tehran bazaar also has a long history. The oldest continuous shopping center in the world is probably Chester Rows. Dating back at least to the 13th century, this covered walkway is housed in stores, with storage and accommodation for merchants at various levels. Different rows are specialized in different items, such as 'Bakers Row' or 'Fleshmongers Row'.
Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg St. Petersburg, opened in 1785, can be considered one of the first shopping complexes to be built, as it consists of over 100 stores covering an area of ​​over 53,000m 2 (570,000 sq. Ft).
The MarchÃÆ' Â © des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and is still running today. The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and is still running today.
The Passage du Caire opened in Paris in 1798. The Burlington Arcade in London opened in 1819. Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island introduced the concept of retail arcade to the United States in 1828 and arguably the oldest "shopping center" in the country. Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy followed in the 1870s and was closer to the great modern malls in the spaciousness. Other major cities created arcades and shopping centers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Cleveland Arcade, and GUM Moscow, which opened in 1890. When the Cleveland Arcade opened in 1890, it was one of the first indoor shopping arena in the US, and like his counterparts in Europe, is an architectural triumph. Two arcade sides have 1,600 glass panels arranged in an iron frame and are a prime example of Victorian-style architecture. Sydney Queen Markets Markets Building, opened in 1898, is also an ambitious architectural project.
The development of the twentieth century
In the mid-20th century, with the emergence of suburbs and car culture in the United States, a new style shopping center was created away from the city center. Initial shopping centers designed for cars include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri (1924). From the beginning, the design tended to be inward, with malls following the theory of how customers can be lured in a controlled environment. Similarly, the concept of a mall that has one or more "big shops" or "big box stores" was pioneered early, with individual stores or small-scale chain stores meant to benefit from buyers interested in major stores. Mall development in America was driven by an accelerated depreciation law of 1954, which encouraged the development of greenfields on the outskirts of the city. The second stimulus came from a law passed in 1960, allowing investors to join in REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) to avoid corporate income taxes. The law helps shape a familiar exurban landscape in malls, motels and fast food chains.
In the 1970s in Canada, the Ontario government created the Downtown Ontario Renewal Program, which helped finance the construction of several malls in downtown Ontario such as the Eaton Center. The program is designed to reverse the flow of small businesses that leave the city center for larger sites around the city. In the first quarter of 2012, private investment spending centers hit an all-time low below 0.1 percent.
Dayton Arcade in the United States, built between 1902 and 1904 and the Lake View Store in Morgan Park, Duluth, Minnesota, built in 1915, held a grand opening on July 20, 1916. The architect was Dean and Dean from Chicago and the building. The contractor is George H. Lounsberry from Duluth. The initial shopping center in the United States was formed at Grandview Avenue Shopping Center ("Bank Block") at Grandview Heights, Ohio in 1928, the first regional shopping center in America that blends parking into design. The general plan by Don Monroe Casto Sr has been the prototype of a shopping center for decades. Other important shopping centers built in the 1920s and early 1930s include Country Club Plaza in Kansas City, Missouri, Highland Park Village in Dallas, Texas; River Oaks in Houston, Texas; and Parks and Shops in Washington, D.C..
Suburban version
The concept of suburban shopping centers expanded further in the United States after World War II. Bellevue Shopping Square (now known as Bellevue Square) opened in 1946 in Bellevue, Washington, a suburb of Seattle. City & amp; Country Village was also opened in 1946 in Sacramento, California. Then came the Broadway-Crenshaw Center (now known as Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza), dedicated, in the Los Angeles Crenshaw district on November 10, 1947 as the first major shopping center on the West Coast. Three suburban shopping centers were completed in 1949. The Town and Country Shopping Center, in Whitehall, Ohio is a strip-type complex set up in Columbus, Ohio. Park Forest, Illinois' Park Forest Plaza is built along a cluster-type complex line. It is located in the southern suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. Cameron Village contains a shopping center as part of a planned community in the suburbs of Raleigh, NC.
In April 1950, a suburban shopping center was formed with the opening of the Seattle Northgate Center (now known as Northgate Mall). This was followed by Lakewood Center (1951), in Lakewood, California; Shoppers' World (1951), in Framingham, Massachusetts; Stonestown Center (now Stonestown Galleria) (1952) in San Francisco, California; and the Northland Center (1954), in Southfield, Michigan. Open type malls are also built in Canada and Australia. Don Mills Convenience Center (now Shop at Don Mills) opened in 1955, in Toronto, Ontario. Chermside Drive-In Shopping Center started trading to the public in 1957, in Brisbane, Australia.
A fully closed shopping center did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples is the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin, which opened in March 1955. The Valley Fair features a number of modern features including a large parking area, fixed shops and restaurants. The idea of ​​a regionally-covered shopping complex, spearheaded in 1956 by an Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen. The new generation of regional-sized shopping malls began with the Greven-designed Southdale Center, which opened on the outskirts of Twin Cities in Edina, Minnesota, USA in October 1956. To pioneer the concept of a mall that will soon be popular in the world. form, Gruen has been called "the most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell.
The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, Bergen Mall of New Jersey. The center, which opened in an open format in 1957, closed in 1973. In addition to the Southdale Center, a significant initial closed-door shopping center was Harundale Mall (1958), in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959), in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961), in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962), in Mount Prospect, Illinois.
The world's first closed shopping center opened in LuleÃÆ'§Â, in northern Sweden in 1955 (architect: Ralph Erskine) and named Shopping; the region now claims the highest shopping density in Europe.
The first closed shopping center in Canada is Wellington Square. It was designed for Eaton by John Graham, Jr. as a closed mall with anchor department store and underground parking opened in downtown London, Ontario, on August 11, 1960. After some renovations, stay open today as Citi Plaza. Other early malls moved to a place away from the crowded and commercial city center to the largely populated suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with an attached store, away from the city center, and accessible only by car) is becoming a popular way to build retail around the world. Gruen himself came to hate the effects of his new design; he denounced the creation of an enormous "sea of ​​waste of the sea" and the spread of suburbs.
In the UK, Chrisp Street Market is the first pedestrian shopping area built by road in front of the store. The first shopping mall in England was built in downtown Birmingham. Known as the Bull Ring Center (now the Bull Ring, Birmingham), was officially dedicated in May 1964. A noteworthy example is the Halton Lea Shopping Center (originally known as the City of Shopping) at Runcorn, which opened in 1972 and was conceived as a point center for new city development. Another early example is the Brent Cross Center, the first shopping mall outside the city in England and located on the northern outskirts of London, which opened in March 1976.
In the United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers expanded the concept further in 1980, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey, an indoor fountain, and two levels that allow shoppers to make circuits all the shops. Taubman believes that rugs improve friction, slow down customers, so it is removed. The fading of sunlight through the glass panels is equipped with gradually increasing electrical lighting, making it look like it lasts longer, prompting buyers to linger.
Increase size
The size of shopping malls and malls continue to increase throughout the 20th century to the 21st century. With approximately 2,400,000 sq ft (220,000 m 2 ), Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, Hawaii was one of the largest malls in the United States when it opened for business in August 1959. Outlets at Bergen Town Center, the oldest attached mall in New Jersey, opened at Paramus on November 14, 1957, with Dave Garroway, host of The Today Show, serving as the host. The mall, located outside New York City, was planned in 1955 by Allied Stores to have 100 stores and 8,600 parking spaces in a 1,500,000 square foot mall (including 140,000 m 2 ) which will include 300,000 Ã, sqÃ, ft (28,000Ã, m 2 ) Stern's store and two other department stores of 150,000 square feet (14,000 m 2 ) as part of the design. The Chairman of Allied B. Earl Puckett confidently announces The Outlets in Bergen Town Center as the largest of the ten proposed centers, stating that there are 25 cities that can support such centers and that no more than 50 malls of this type will be built nationally.
The largest shopping center in Canada from 1986 to 2004 was a 350,000m 2 (3,800,000 sq ft) West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton, Alberta. The largest mall in the world is the New South China Mall in Dongguan, China with a gross floor area of ​​892,000 m 2 (9.600.000 sqÃ, ft). The second largest shopping center in the world is Golden Resources Mall in Beijing, China with a gross floor area of ​​680,000 m 2 (7.300.000 sqÃ, ft). SM Megamall in the Philippines, is the third largest in the world at 542,980 m 2 (5,844,600Ã, sqÃ, ft) of gross floor area. The fourth largest shopping center in the world is SM City North EDSA in Quezon City, Philippines with a gross floor area of ​​504,900m 2 (5,435,000 sqÃ, ft) and the fifth largest shopping center is 1 Main in Malaysia at 465,000m < soup> 2 (5.010.000 sqÃ, ft) of gross floor area.
The most visited shopping mall in the world and the largest mall in the United States is the Mall of America, located near Twin Cities in Bloomington, Minnesota. However, some of Asia's advertised malls have more visitors, including Taman Anggrek Mall, Kelapa Gading Mall and Pluit Village, all in Jakarta, Indonesia; Berjaya Times Square in Malaysia; SM City North EDSA, SM Mall Asia and SM Megamall, all in Metro Manila, Philippines. The largest mall in South Asia is Lucky One Mall in Karachi, Pakistan.
The Philippines has the most shopping centers in the world's 100 largest shopping centers with 22.
Type
The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies shopping centers into eight basic types: environmental centers, community centers, regional centers, super-regional centers, fashion centers, power centers, theme centers/festivals and outlet centers. These definitions, published in 1999, are not limited to shopping centers in certain countries, but subsequent editions are tailor-made for the US with separate sets for Europe.
Environmental center
The neighborhood centers are small-scale malls that serve the local environment. They usually have a supermarket or drug store as an anchor, and are usually arranged in a mall format. The neighborhood center usually has a 30,000 to 150,000 square foot (2,800 to 13,900 m 2 ) retail area, and serves the main area within a 3 mile (4.8 km) radius. They are sometimes known as comfort centers.
Community mall
Community malls are larger than residential centers, and offer more goods. They usually feature two larger anchor stores from the center of the neighborhood, such as discount department stores. They can also follow the strip configuration, or it may be L or U. The community center usually has a retail area of ​​100,000 to 350,000 square feet (9,300 to 32,500 m 2 ) and serves the main area of ​​3 to 6 miles (4, 8 to 9.7 km).
Regional Center
The regional mall is, according to the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a shopping center designed to serve a larger area than a conventional shopping center. Thus, it is usually larger by 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m 2 ) for 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m 2 ) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores and offers more choice shop. Given their wider service area, these malls tend to have higher stores that require larger areas to make their services profitable but may have discount department stores. Regional malls are also found as tourist attractions in the holiday area.
Superregional center
A regional super mall is, according to the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the US, a shopping center with over 800,000 square feet (74,000 m 2 ) of leased area, three or more anchors, mass merchants , more variety, fashion clothing, and serves as the dominant shopping place for the region (25 miles or 40 km) where it is located.
Fashion center/custom
Fashion or specialty centers feature clothing and boutique shops and serve customers with higher incomes. They usually have retail areas ranging from 80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,200 m 2 ) and serve an area of ​​5 to 15 miles (8.0 to 24.1 km).
Power center
The powerhouse is a large shopping center that almost exclusively features some large-box retailers as their anchors. They typically have a retail area of ​​250,000 to 600,000 square feet (23,000 to 56,000 m 2 ) and major trade areas of 5 to 10 miles (8.0 to 16.1 km).
Theme/festival_center "> Theme/festival center
The theme or festival center has a different unifying theme followed by each store as well as its architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and serve tourists. They typically feature a retail area of ​​80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,200 m 2 ).
Outlet center
Outlet malls (or outlet centers) are a type of shopping center where manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in the outlet malls are operated by retailers that sell returned items and discontinued products, often at very low prices. The store outlet was discovered in early 1936, but the first multi-storey outlet mall, Vanity Fair, located in Reading, PA did not open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened its first closed factory outlet mall in 1979, in Lakeland, TN, a suburb of Memphis.
Components
Food food
A common feature of a shopping mall is the food court: it usually consists of a number of fast food vendors of various kinds, surrounding a shared seating area.
Department store
When the format of a shopping center was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, the signing of a large department store was necessary for the financial stability of the project, and to attract retail traffic that would result in visits to smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are called store anchors or attract tenants. In physical configuration, an anchor store usually lies as far away from one another as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.
Stand-alone store
Often, a shopping center or shopping center will have satellite buildings located either on the same plot or in an adjacent location, where a stand-alone store, which may or may not be legally connected to a central facility through a contract or ownership. These stores may have their own parking spaces, or many places they can connect with malls or centers. The existence of a stand-alone store may have been planned by a mall developer, or may have occurred through opportunistic acts by others, but visually a central-mall facility or a shopping center-and satellite buildings are often regarded as a single "unit" even in circumstances at where a secluded building is not officially or legally connected to a mall by any means.
Mal is off
In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still built at a rate of 140 per year. But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that less functional and empty malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" plantations, were newly emerging issues. In 2007, a year before the Great Recession, no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years. The City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City, which opened in March 2012, was the first built since the recession.
In recent years, the number of dead mall increased significantly in the early twenty-first century because the health of the mall economy across the United States has declined, with a high vacancy rate in these malls. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls considered "dying" by real estate experts (having a minimum vacancy rate of 40%), unhealthy (20-40%), or problematic (10-20%) all increased rapidly, and vacancy rates this high only declines in part from 2010 to 2014. By 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States are considered "dying" (40% or higher job vacancy rates) and almost a fifth of all malls have vacancy rates considered "disturbing "(10% or higher). Some real estate experts say that the "fundamental problem" is the glut of malls in many parts of the country that create a "very over-retail" market.
In October 2017, Sears Canada announced the closure of more than 160 stores.
New trend
In some parts of Canada, there is rarely a new shopping center to be built. Vaughan Mills Shopping Center, opened in 2004, Crossiron Mills, opened in 2009, and Tsawwassen Mills Mall in 2016, is the only mall built in Canada since 1992. Outlet outdoor mall or large box shopping area known as a powerhouse is now favored, although traditional shopping malls are still in demand by those looking for weather shopping, shopping under one roof. In addition, the closed interconnections between multi-center shopping centers in the city center continue to grow in the Underground city of Montreal (32 kilometers of lines), Toronto PATH system (27Ã, km (17 miles) from the aisle) and Plus15 systems from Calgary (16 km (9 , 9 miles) from the overpass).
In Russia, on the other hand, by 2013 a large number of new malls have been built near major cities, especially MEGA malls like the Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow. Most of them are financed by international investors and are popular among buyers of the emerging middle class.
In the United States, the owners made drastic strides to transform the struggling mall. This includes converting malls into apartments, offices and industrial spaces. Other owners have taken an approach to turning a large number of malls into parks and playgrounds. In Austin, Texas, Highland Mall was transformed into a community college. Many of the 600,000 square foot malls will be home to Austin Community College.
In 2017, Credit Suisse, a company that forecast trends in e-commerce, estimates that up to 25% of all US shopping centers will close within the next five years.
Vertical mall
High land prices in the densest cities have led to the concept of a "vertical mall," in which the space allocated to retail is configured through a number of stories that can be accessed by elevators and/or escalators (usually both) connecting different levels of malls. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the buyer's natural tendency to move horizontally and encourage the buyer to move up and down. The vertical mall concept was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, a former development division of Marshall Field & amp; Skyscraper Water Tower, Chicago, Illinois, was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains hotels, luxury condos and office space and sits on a long-block base containing an eight-level atrium-level retail mall opposite the Magnificent Mile.
Vertical malls are common in densely populated areas such as Hong Kong, Jakarta, and Bangkok. Times Square in Hong Kong is a prime example.
A vertical mall can also be built in which geographical location prevents buildings out or there are other restrictions on construction, such as significant historic or archeological buildings. Darwin's shopping center and malls in Shrewsbury, England, are built on a steep hillside, around the exterior walls of the nearby medieval castle; consequently the shopping center is divided into seven floors vertically - two locations horizontally - connected by elevators, escalators and sidewalk bridges. Some companies incorporate such designs into their layout, such as McDonald's Shrewsbury's restaurant, split into four floors with multiple mezzanines featuring a medieval castle dome - complete with arrowslits - in the underground dining room.
The effect of online shopping
Faced with the exploding popularity of online shopping, shopping centers are emptied and are looking for new solutions to generate traffic. In the US, for example, about 200 out of 1,300 malls across the country are out of business. To counter this trend, developers are trying to turn the mall into a recreational center that includes attractions such as parks, cinemas, gyms, and even fishing lakes. Others, such as the European commercial real estate giant, Unibail-Rodamco, are modernizing their approach by promoting brand interaction and enhancing architectural appeal. The latest example that integrates the two approaches is the So Ouest mall outside of Paris designed to resemble the elegant Louis XV-style apartment and includes 17,000 square meters (180,000 sqÃ, ft) of green space. Australian mall, Westfield, launches online mall (and then mobile apps) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and more than 1 million products. Online shopping has increased the share of total retail sales since 2008. In Q3 2008, it comprised 3.6% of retail purchases and this is up to 7.4% in Q3 2015.
Shopping property management company
A shopping property management company is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping centers. Most shopping property management companies have at least 20 malls. Some companies use the same naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all malls, as well as storage stores like SM Stores, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, The Mall Fund renames any purchased center to "The Mall (location)" , using its pink-M logo; when he sells the mall, the center goes back to its own name and brand, such as the Ashley Center at Epsom.
Shopping center management and advisory firms bring professional management practices to the highly divided shopping industry in India. Historically, land ownership in India, has been fragmented and as the development of a side shopping center, making mall developers vulnerable to dubious suggestions and practices, due to standard benchmarks, knowledge resources, and rare skilled people. This changed as new companies promoted by former shopping center managers stepped in to bridge the gap between ownership and professional management.
Beyond Squarefeet from India is another mall managing company, which travels to other countries such as India, Iran, Nepal, Nigeria, Qatar, etc. Mall management is slowly becoming a trend and much sought after services in Asia and other markets.
Legal issues
One of the controversial aspects of the mall is the effective displacement of traditional main roads or high streets. Some consumers prefer malls, with parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards, more than CBDs or downtown, which often have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage.
In response, some jurisdictions, notably California, have expanded the right to free speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat and socialize within the confines of private mall. View Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins .
Gallery
World's largest shopping/shopping center
See also
- Alley
- Bazaar
- List of shopping centers
- kiosk Mall
- Market
- Types of retail outlets
- Souq
References
Further reading
- Hardwick, M. Jeffrey. Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream (2004), quotes and text search
- Howard, Vicki. From Main Street to Mall: The Rise and Fall of the American Department Store (2015)
- Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son. Google Docs 2002. Integrated Suburban Shopping Center with Nearby: Redmond Town Center (PhD Dissertation) University of Washington.
- Scharoun, Lisa. America at the Mall: The Cultural Role of Retail Utopia (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012)
- Lange, Alexandra (February 15, 2018). "Mal and the future of American retail: In the post-mall era, why do starchitects build more retail?". Bendable . Retrieved 2018-03-03 .
External links
- International Shopping Center (ICSC)
- Community Institute of Knowledge of the United States Retail and Entertainment Architects
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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