CBS (initialism of the previous network name, Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an English-language commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered in the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City (CBS Broadcast Center) and Los Angeles (on CBS Television City and CBS Studio Center).
CBS is sometimes referred to as the "Eye Network", referring to the company's iconic logo, used since 1951. It is also called "Tiffany Network", which alludes to the high quality of CBS programming during William's term. S. Paley. It may also refer to some of the first CBS color TV demonstrations, held in the former Tiffany & amp; Building Co. in New York City in 1950.
This network comes from United Independent Broadcasters Inc., a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paley's guidance, CBS will first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks. In 1974, CBS dropped its full name and became known as CBS, Inc. Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995, renamed its corporate entity to CBS Broadcasting, Inc. in 1997, and finally adopted the name of the company that had been acquired to become CBS Corporation. In 2000, CBS was under the control of Viacom, formed as a spin-off from CBS in 1971. In late 2005, Viacom broke away into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation - spin-off its broadcast television, radio, and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets - with CBS television network at its core. CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom.
CBS previously operated the CBS Radio network until 2017, when they brought and merged their radio division with Entercom. Prior to that, CBS Radio primarily provided news content and features for its portfolio owned and operated radio stations in large and medium-sized markets, and radio stations affiliated in various other markets. Although CBS owns a 72% stake, CBS O & amp; O no longer owns radio stations, although CBS still provides news for radio affiliates and new owners from their former radio stations. The television network has more than 240 television stations owned and operated and affiliated throughout the United States.
Video CBS
History
Initial years
The origins of CBS date back to January 27, 1927, with the creation of a "United Independent Broadcasters" network in Chicago by New York City talent agency Arthur Judson. The new network soon required additional investors, and Columbia Phonograph Company, Columbia Records producer, rescued her in April 1927; as a result, the network was renamed the "Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System" on September 18 of that year. Columbia Phonographic airs on September 18, 1927, with a presentation by Howard L. Barlow Orchestra of WOR main station in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates.
Steep operating costs, especially payments for AT & T for land use, and by the end of 1927, the Columbia Phonograph wanted to get out. In early 1928, Judson sold the network to the brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owner of the Philadelphia affiliate network, WCAU, and their partner, Jerome Louchenheim. None of the three were interested in assuming day-to-day network management, so they installed William S. Paley, 26, a Philadelphia cigar-family son and father-in-law of Levys, as president. With the record company out of the picture, Paley quickly simplified the company's name to "Columbia Broadcasting System". He believes in the power of radio advertising because his family's "La Palina" cigars have doubled their sales after young William convinces older people to advertise on the radio. In September 1928, Paley bought Louchenheim shares from CBS and became the majority owner with 51% of the business.
Turnaround: Paley's first year
During Louchenheim's brief regime, Columbia paid $ 410,000 to A.H. The Grebe Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC (not related to the current WABC), which will be the network's main station. WABC is quickly upgraded, and signals are moved to 860 kHz. The physical plant was moved as well - to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, where many CBS programs will come from. At the turn of 1929, the network could boast a sponsor having 47 affiliates.
Paley immediately moved to put his network on a stronger financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he held talks with Adolph Zukor from Paramount Pictures, who planned to move to radio in response to RCA's attack into the film with the advent of talkies. The deal came to fruition in September 1929: Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for its $ 3.8 million block of shares at the time. The agreement stipulates that Paramount will buy the same shares back on March 1, 1932 for $ 5 million, provided that CBS has received $ 2 million during 1931 and 1932. For a short time there was talk that the network might be named "Paramount Radio ", but it only lasted a month - the stock market crash of 1929 sent all falling stock values. This makes Paley and his troops, who "have no alternative but to change the network and earn $ 2,000,000 in two years.... This is the atmosphere in which CBS is born today." The nearly bankrupt film studio sold its CBS shares back to CBS in 1932. In the first year of Paley watches, CBS's gross revenue more than tripled, up from $ 1.4 million to $ 4.7 million.
Most of the increase is the result of Paley's second upgrade to the CBS business plan - improving affiliate relationships. There are two types of programs at the time: sponsored and retaining , that is, not sponsored. NBC's rivals pay affiliates for each sponsored event they bring and bill them for every continuous show they run. It was heavy for small and medium-sized stations, and resulted in both unhappy affiliates and limited train retaining programs. Paley has a different idea, designed to get the CBS program coming from as many radio sets as possible: he will provide free support programs, as long as the station will run any sponsored event, and receive CBS checks to do so. CBS soon has more affiliates than NBC Red or NBC Blue.
Paley was a person who appreciated style and taste, and in 1929, once he had a happy affiliate and creditworthiness of his company, he turned his attention to the lean, new Madison Avenue, "the heart of the advertising community, exactly where Paley wants his company to be" and at where he would stay until moving to Eero Saarinen's own headquarters, the CBS Building, in 1965. When his new landlord expressed skepticism about the network and the reputation of flies-by-night, Paley overcame their hesitancy by awarding a lease of $ 1.5 million.
CBS picked up Red and Blue (1930s)
Since NBC is the broadcasting arm of the RCA radio manufacturer, its leader David Sarnoff approached his decision as an announcer as well as a hardware executive; NBC affiliates have the latest RCA equipment, and are often the best stations established, or are on "clear channel" frequencies. But Sarnoff's affiliates do not believe it. Paley does not have the loyalty of such divisions: hisa - and the success of its affiliates - goes up and down with the quality of CBS programming.
Paley has a natural, perfect, perfect sense of entertainment, "the gift of the gods, the purest ear," writes David Halberstam. "[He] knows what is good and will be sold, what is bad and will be sold, and what is good and will not be sold, and he is never confused with each other." As the 1930s loomed, Paley set about building a stable CBS talent. This network is home to many popular music and comedy stars, among them Jack Benny, (Your Canada Dry Humorist), Al Jolson, George Burns & amp; Gracie Allen, and Kate Smith, whom Paley personally selected for his family La Palina Hour because he was not the kind of woman who provoked jealousy to American wives. When, in the middle of a sea journey, Paley hears an unknown record, he rushes into the ship's radio room and "sends a cable" New York to immediately sign a contract with Bing Crosby for a daily radio show.
While CBS's prime-time ranks feature music, comedy and variety shows, daytime schedules are a direct channel to American homes - and into the hearts and minds of American women; for many, it is the bulk of their adult human contact during the day. CBS time salespeople realized early on that this intimate relationship could be a source of profit for advertisers of women's products. Beginning in 1930, astrologer Evangeline Adams will consult the heavens on behalf of listeners sent on their birthdays, descriptions of their problems - and the boxes of the Forhan sponsor's toothpaste. The cheeky voice of the soft-spoken Tony Wons, backed by a tender violin, "makes it a soul mate for millions of women" on behalf of the RJ Reynolds cigarette company, whose plastic-wrapped Camel cigarette is "fresh like dew that spilled dawn in the field of clover." The most popular radio friends of all are M. Sayle Taylor, The Voice Of Experience , although his name is never spoken in the air. The women sent descriptions of The Voice's most intimate relationship problem in the tens of thousands per week; sponsorship Musterole ointment and laxatives M-O Haley enjoyed a sales increase of several hundred percent in just the first month The Voice Of Experience ' s run.
As the decade progresses, new genres join the daytime lineup: serial dramas - soap operas, so named for the products that sponsor them, through the advertising agencies that actually produce them. Although the shape, usually in a quarter-hour episode, mushroomed widely in the mid and late 1930s, they all had the same basic premise: that characters "fall into two categories: 1) those who are troubled and 2) those who help people in trouble The numbers of help are usually older. "In CBS Just Plain Bill brings human insights and painkillers Anacin to the household; Family and Mine come from Sealtest Dairy products; Undergraduates first explored Old Dutch Cleanser, then Wonder Bread; Aunt Jenny's Real Life Story is sponsored by Spry Vegetable Shortening. Our Gal Day (Anacin again), Romansa Helen Trent (AngÃÆ' Â © lus cosmetics), Big Brother ( Rinso laundry soap) and many others fill daylight.
Thanks to daytime and primetime schedules, CBS thrived in the 1930s. In 1935, gross sales were $ 19.3 million, earning a profit of $ 2.27 million. In 1937, the network took $ 28.7 million and had 114 affiliates, virtually clearing 100% of the network-feeding program, thus keeping the ratings, and revenue, high. In 1938, CBS even acquired American Record Corporation, the parent of the one-time investor Columbia Records.
In 1938, NBC and CBS each opened studios in Hollywood to attract the industry's best entertainment talent to their network - NBC on Radio City on Sunset Boulevard and Vine Street, CBS two blocks away on Columbia Square.
CBS launches independent news division
The tremendous potential for radio news appeared in 1930, when CBS suddenly found himself with a direct telephone call to a prisoner named "The Diacon" who described, from within and in real time, riots and fires at the Ohio Penitentiary; for CBS, it is "a surprising journalistic coup". But until 1934, there was still no regular newscast scheduled on the radio network: "Most sponsors do not want network newscasts, which do tend to expect veto power." There has been a long-standing concern between radio and newspapers as well; the papers have rightly concluded that the newly established radio business will compete with them in two ways - advertising dollars and news coverage. In 1933, they fought, many of which no longer published radio schedules for the reader's convenience, or let their "news" be read in the air for radio advantage. Radio, in turn, pushed back when the city's department stores, the largest newspaper advertisers and their own owners of many radio stations, threatened to hold their ads off the print. The short-lived ceasefire in 1933 even saw letters suggesting that radio was forbidden to run the news before 9:30, and then only after 09:00 - and that no news could be broadcast until it was 12 hours old.
It is in this climate that Paley sets out to "enhance the prestige of CBS, to make it appear in the public mind, a more advanced, dignified and socially conscious network." He does so through sustainable programs like the New York Philharmonic, a thoughtful Norman Norman drama - and an internal news division to collect and present news, free from unstable suppliers like newspapers and wire services. In the fall of 1934, CBS launched an independent news division, formed in its first years by vice president Paley, former New York Times columnist Ed Klauber, and news director Paul White. Since there are no blueprints or precedents for real-time news coverage, the initial effort of the new division uses CBS short-wave ties that have been used for five years to bring direct feedback from its European to American air events.
The key to employing was Edward R. Murrow in 1935; his first corporate title was the Director of Talks. He was mentored in microphone by Robert Trout, the only full-time member of the News Division, and quickly found himself in a growing competition with the White boss. Murrow was delighted to "leave the New York home office behind" when he was sent to London as European Director of CBS in 1937, a time when Hitler's growing threat underscored the need for a strong European Bureau. Halberstam described Murrow in London as "the right person in the right place in the right era". Murrow begins to gather staff of broadcasted journalists - including William L. Shirer, Charles Collingwood, Bill Downs, and Eric Sevareid - who will be known as "Murrow Boys". They are "in his own image [Murrow] alone, perfectly, literate, often liberal, and prima donnas all". They cover history in the making, and sometimes make it themselves: on March 12, 1938, Hitler bravely annexed Austria and the nearby Murrow and Boys quickly gathered with Shirer in London, Edgar Ansel Mowrer in Paris, Pierre Huss in Berlin, Frank Gervasi in Rome and Trout in New York. It's a boring News Round-Up format, which is still ubiquitous today in news broadcasts.
Murrow's nightly report from the roof during the dark days of the London Blitz encouraged American listeners: even before Pearl Harbor, the conflict became "the story of the survival of Western civilization, the most heroic of all possible wars and stories.He indeed reported on the survival of the people in English. "With his" tortured man's voice ", Murrow contains and controls the panic and dangers he feels, thus communicating it more effectively to his audience. By using his self-described "Reporter" reference, he does not report much news as interpreting it, combining the simplicity of expression with subtle nuances. Murrow himself says he's trying "to describe things in a sense that makes sense to truckers without insulting the professor's intelligence". When he returned home for a visit at the end of 1941, Paley held a "remarkable reception" for Murrow at the Waldorf-Astoria. Of course, the goal is more than just honoring CBS's latest "star" - it's an announcement to the world that Mr. Paley is ultimately more than a pipeline that brings people's programs: it has now become a cultural force in private rights.
After the war ends and Murrow returns for good, it is as "a superstar with prestige and freedom and respect in his profession and in his company". He has a great capital in the company, and because of the unfamiliar television news appearing, he will spend it freely, first on radio news, then on television, picking up the first Senator Joseph McCarthy, then finally William S. Paley himself, and with a formidable enemy, even a vast Murrow account will soon dry out.
Panic: The War of the Worlds broadcast radio
On October 30, 1938, the CBS felt bad when the Airborne Mercury Theater broadcasted a radio adaptation of HG Wells World War, conducted by Orson Welles. Its unique format, the contemporary version of the story in faux news, has panicked many listeners to believe the invaders from Mars actually attacked and destroyed Grover Mill, New Jersey, despite the three disclaimers during the broadcast that it is a work of fiction. The flood of publicity after the broadcast has two effects: the FCC ban on faux news bulletins in the dramatic program, and sponsors for Mercury Theater in the Air - the former program support being The Campbell Playhouse to sell soup. Welles, for his part, sums up the episode as "Mercury Theater's own radio version" dressed up on a sheet and jumped out of the bush and said 'Boo!' "
CBS recruited Edmund A. Chester
Before the United States joined World War II, in 1940, CBS recruited Edmund A. Chester from his position as Bureau Chief for Latin America at the Associated Press to serve as Director of Latin American Relations and Broadcast Short Wave Director for the CBS radio network. In this capacity, Chester co-ordinates the development of the American Network (La Cadena de las Americas) with the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Office of Inter-American Affairs (as chaired by Nelson Rockefeller) and Voice of America. This network provides important news and cultural programming throughout South America and Central America during the crucial World War II era and fosters diplomatic relations between the United States and the less developed countries of the continent. It featured popular radio broadcasts such as Viva Amà © rica which showcased leading music talents from North and South America including John Serry Sr., who was accompanied by CBS Pan American Orchestra under the direction of Alfredo Antonini music.. The postwar era also marked the beginning of CBS dominance in the radio field as well.
The CBS of 1940 is very different from the early days; many old guard veterans have died, retired or simply left the network. There is no greater change than that in Paley itself: it becomes difficult to work, and has "gradually shifted from leader to wrongdoer". He spends much of his time searching for social connections and in the search for culture; "The hope is that CBS can learn to run by itself". His brief explanation to the interior designer who remodeled his townhouse included a requirement for a closet that would hold 300 suits, 100 shirts and had a special shelf for a hundred ties.
As Paley grows further, he sets up a series of buffer executives that sequentially assume more power on CBS: first Ed Klauber, then Paul Kesten, and finally Frank Stanton. Secondly, only for Paley as the author of CBS's style and ambition within the first half century, Stanton was "an outstanding mandarin who served as a corporate inspector, spokesman, and image maker." He came to the network in 1933 after sending a copy of his Ph.D. thesis "A Critique of Current Methods and New Plans to Learn the Behavior of Listening Radio" to CBS officials and they respond with job offers. He scored a preliminary hit with his studies "Memory for Visual Copy Visual Expressed vs. Oral," which is used by CBS salesmen to bring in new sponsors. In 1946, Paley appointed Stanton as President of CBS and promoted himself to Chairmanship. Stanton is colorful, but perfect, a suit - a blue striped suit, an ecru shirt, a Robin egg blue tie with saffron splashes - makes it, in the mind of a cynical CBS vice president, "the biggest argument we have for color television."
Regardless of the advertiser's entry and their money, or perhaps because of them, the 1940's was not without a rush to the radio network. The biggest challenge comes in the form of broadcasting broadcasting broadcasting FCC - "monopoly checks", as they are often called. Although it began in 1938, the investigation only collected steam in 1940 under the new chair of James L. Fly's broom. By the time smoke was gone in 1943, NBC had separated the Blue Network, which became the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). CBS was also hit, though not as bad: Paley's brilliant affiliate contract of 1928 that had given CBS the first claim on local radio stations during the time-sponsored network option - was attacked as a limitation on local programming. Final compromises allow networking options for three of the four hours during certain days, but the new rules have almost no practical effect, as most stations accept network feeds, especially sponsor hours that make money for them. Fly's panel also banned the network from having a representative of the artist's bureau, so CBS sold its bureau to Music Corporation of America and became Management Corporation of America.
In the air, war affects almost every show. Variety shows the fabric of patriotism through their comedy and musical segments; drama and soap have character joined the service and go for a fight. Even before the feud began in Europe, one of the most played songs on the radio was Irving Berlin's "God Bless America", popularized by CBS's Kate Smith personality. Although the Office of Censorship appears within a few days after Pearl Harbor, censorship will be entirely voluntary. Some events send scripts for review; most do not. The guidelines issued by the office prohibit weather reports (including the announcement of sports rains), news of troops, the movement of ships or aircraft, the production of war and direct interviews with people on the streets. The ad-libbing ban causes quizzes, game events and amateur hours to wither during the duration.
Surprising is the "permanent granite" of performances above the ratings. The very popular vaudevillians and musicians after the war were the same stars that had grown up in the 1930s: Jack Benny, Bing Crosby, Burns and Allen, and Edgar Bergen have all been on the radio for as long as there has been network radio. The notable exception to this was the newcomer Arthur Godfrey, who at the end of 1942, was still performing a local morning show in Washington, DC Godfrey, who had been a funeral salesman and taxi driver, spearheaded direct speech to the listener as an individual < i>, with a single "you" rather than phrases like "Now, people..." or "Yes, friends...". The combined event accounts for 12% of all CBS earnings; in 1948, he withdrew $ 500,000 per year.
In 1947, Paley, still an unnecessary "head talent scout" from CBS, led the much-publicized "talent attack" on NBC. One day, when Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll were working hard on NBC writing their honorable show Amos and Andy, a knock appeared at the door; Paley herself, with an astounding offer: "Whatever you get now, I'll give you double." Catching the NBC's far-flung event was enough of the coup, but Paley repeated in 1948 with long-time NBC stars Edgar Bergen, Charlie McCarthy and Red Skelton, as well as former CBS defector Jack Benny, a top radio comedian, and Burns and Allen. Paley reached this defeat with a legal agreement reminiscent of a 1928 contract that led some NBC radio affiliates to jump ship and join CBS. CBS will buy stars as property names, in exchange for large sums of money and salaries. This plan relies on a very different tax rate between income and capital gains, so not only do the stars enjoy more than twice their income after taxes, but CBS will block the NBC counterattack because CBS has player names.
As a result, Paley gets 1949 something he's been looking for for 20 years: CBS finally beat NBC in the rankings. But it's not just for the one-on-one rival Sarnoff that Paley leads his talent attack; he, and all the radio, had their eyes on the coming power that cast a shadow on the radio throughout the 1940s - television. Prime time radio gave way to television (1950s)
In the spring of 1940, CBS technician Peter Goldmark engineered a system for color television that CBS management hoped would skip the network through NBC and its existing black and white RCA system. The CBS system "gives brilliant and stable colors", while NBC is "rugged and unstable but 'compatible'". In the end, the FCC rejected the CBS system because it is not compatible with RCA; that, and the fact that CBS has moved to secure many UHF, not VHF, television licenses, left CBS with flat feet in the early age of television. In 1946, only 6,000 television sets were in operation, mostly in larger New York City where there were already three stations; in 1949, the number had increased to 3 million sets, and in 1951, it had risen to 12 million. 64 American cities have television stations, although most of them have only one.
Radio continued to be the backbone of the company, at least in the early 1950s, but it was a "strange twilight period" in which some cities often had several television stations that sucked viewers off the radio while other cities (such as Denver and Portland, Oregon) does not have a television station at all. In these areas, as well as rural areas and some states, network radio remains the only, national broadcast service. His Excellency NBC, Fred Allen, saw his ratings go down when he was pitted against the new ABC game show Stop The Music! ; within weeks, he was dropped by an old sponsor of Ford Motor Company and soon disappeared from the scene. Bob Hope's powerhouse rankings fell from 23.8 shares in 1949 to 5.4 in 1953. In 1952, "death seemed close to network radio" in its familiar form; the most telling of all, big sponsors are eager to switch.
Gradually, as television networks begin to form, radio stars begin to migrate to new media. Many programs run on both media while making the transition. The radio soap opera The Guiding Light moved to television in 1952 and will run for another 57 years; Burn & amp; Allen, returning "home" from NBC, made the move in 1950; Lucille Ball a year later; Miss Brooks in 1952 (albeit simultaneously on the radio for her full-fledged television life). High-rated Jack Benny Program ended radio broadcasts in 1955, and Sunday night's event Edgar Bergen was launched in 1957. When CBS announced in 1956 that its radio operation had lost money, while network television had made money, it is clear where the future lies. When the soap opera Ma Perkins went off the air on November 25, 1960, only eight, a relatively small series remained. The prime time radio ended on September 30, 1962, when Sincerely, Johnny Dollar and Suspense aired for the last time. CBS radio CBS programming after 1972 CBS radio programming after 1972
Arthur Godfrey's resignation in April 1972 marked the end of long-term programming on CBS radio; subsequent programming consisted of hourly news and news features, known in the 1970s as Dimensions, and comments, including the Spectrum series that evolved into the "Point/Counterpoint" feature on television networks 60 Minutes and First Line Report , featured news and analysis submitted by CBS correspondent. The network also continues to offer traditional radio programs through each week's CBS Radio Mystery Theater, the only continuing detention of the dramatic program, from 1974 to 1982, even though a shorter trip was given to General Mills Radio. Adventure Theater and Sears Radio Theater in the 1970s; if not, the most recent dramatic radio was brought to the public and to certain religious stations. CBS Radio Network continues to this day, offering hourly newscasts, including its CBS World News Roundup center in the morning and afternoon, weekend weekend sister program CBS News Weekend Weekend , news-related feature segments The Osgood Files , What's in the News , a one minute summary of a story, and various other segments like comments from Seattle radio personality Dave Ross, the other end of the segment from a variety of other sources, and the technology coverage of the CBS Interactive CBS property.
On November 17, 2017, CBS Radio sold to Entercom became the last of the original Big Four radio network to be owned by its founding company. Although CBS's own parent no longer existed when it was acquired by Westinghouse Electric in 1995, CBS Radio continued to be operated by CBS until its acquisition. Prior to the acquisition, ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting in 2007 (and now part of Cumulus Media) while Mutual (now dead) and NBC Radio were acquired by Westwood One in the 1980s (Westwood One and CBS were under joint ownership of 1993 until 2007, the first will be obtained directly by Dial Global in October 2011).
Television year: expansion and growth
CBS's involvement in television began at the opening of the experimental station W2XAB in New York City on July 21, 1931, using an enhanced mechanical television system in the late 1920s. The initial broadcast featured Mayor of New York, Jimmy Walker, Kate Smith, and George Gershwin. The station broadcasts the first regular seven-day broadcast schedule on American television, broadcasting 28 hours a week.
Director Announcer, Bill Schudt is the only employee paid station; all the other talents are volunteers. W2XAB pioneered program development including small-scale dramatic actions, monologues, pantomimes, and the use of projection slides to simulate sets. Engineer Bill Lodge designed the first synchronized sound wave for television stations in 1932, allowing W2XAB to broadcast images and sounds on single shortwave channels instead of the two previously required. On November 8, 1932, W2XAB broadcasted the first television coverage of the election results. The station ceased operations on February 20, 1933, when monochrome television transmission standards changed, and in the process of changing from mechanical systems to electronic systems. W2XAB returned to the air with an all-round electronic system in 1939 from a new studio complex at Grand Central Station and a transmitter over the Chrysler Building, which aired on channel 2. W2XAB sent the first color broadcast in the United States on August 28, 1940..
On June 24, 1941, W2XAB received a commercial construction license and program authorization as WCBW . The station airs at 2:30 am. on July 1, an hour after rivaling WNBT (channel 1, formerly W2XBS and now WNBC), making it the second fully official commercial television station in the United States. The FCC issued permission for CBS and NBC at the same time, and intended WNBT and WCBW to register simultaneously on July 1, so none of the stations claimed to be "first".
During the years of World War II, commercial television broadcasts decreased dramatically. Toward the end of the war, commercial television began to climb again, with an increased program rate from 1944 to 1947 on three New York television stations operating in those years (local stations NBC, CBS and DuMont). But when RCA and DuMont raced to build networks and offer enhanced programs, CBS lagged behind, advocated an industry-wide shift and started back to UHF because of their incompatible color system (in black and white); The FCC put an unlimited "freeze" on a television license that lasted until 1952 also did not help. Only in 1950, when NBC was dominant on television and black and white transmission was widespread, did CBS start buying or building their own stations (outside New York City) in Los Angeles, Chicago and other major cities. Until then, the CBS program was spotted at stations such as KTTV in Los Angeles, where CBS - as a bit of insurance and guaranteed a loose program in the market - quickly purchased a 50% stake in the station, partnered with the Los Angeles Times . CBS then sold interest in KTTV (now the West Coast network of the Fox network) and purchased Los Angeles KTSL direct pioneer stations in 1950, changing its name to KNXT (after CBS's Los Angeles radio property, KNX), then KCBS-TV. In 1953, CBS purchased a WBKB pioneer station in Chicago, signed by former investor Paramount Pictures (and will become a sister company for CBS again a few decades later) as a commercial station in 1946, and changed the station's call sign to the WBBM. -TV, move the CBS affiliate from WGN-TV.
WCBS-TV will eventually become the only station (in 2013) built and signed by CBS. The remainder of the station will be acquired by CBS, either in stock ownership or direct purchase. In the early years of television, the network bought affiliates Washington, DC, WOIC (now WUSA) in a joint venture with The Washington Post in 1950, only to sell its shares to Post in 1954 due to the stricter regulation of FCC ownership. CBS will also temporarily return to rely on its own UHF technology by owning WXIX in Milwaukee (now CW WVTV affiliate) and WHCT in Hartford, Connecticut (now an affiliate of Univision WUVN), but because UHF is not feasible to broadcast at that time (due to the fact that most television that time was not equipped with UHF tuners), CBS decided to sell the stations and was affiliated with the WITI and WTIC-TV (now WFSB) VHF stations, respectively (CBS was then forced back to UHF in Milwaukee). due to an affiliation agreement with New World Communications that resulted in WITI disaffiliating from the network in 1994 to join Fox, now affiliated with WDJT-TV in that market). Longer-term, CBS bought a station in Philadelphia (WCAU, now owned by NBC) and St. Louis (KMOX-TV, now KMOV), but CBS will eventually sell these stations as well; before buying KMOX-TV, CBS has been trying to buy and sign an 11 channel license at St. Louis, now KPLR-TV.
CBS attempted to sign on a station in Pittsburgh after the "freeze" was revoked, because it was the sixth largest market but had only one commercial VHF station in WDTV owned by DuMont, while the remainder was in UHF (WPGH-TV modern and WINP-TV) or public television (WQED). Although the FCC rejected CBS's request to purchase channel 9 licenses near Steubenville, Ohio and transferred them to Pittsburgh (the station, originally a CBS affiliate, WSTV-TV, now an affiliate of NBC WTOV-TV), CBS made a big coup when Westinghouse Electric based in Pittsburgh (one of NBC's founders with RCA) bought WDTV from struggling DuMont and chose to affiliate with KDKA-TV with CBS rather than NBC (as KDKA radio) as NBC blackmailed and forced Westinghouse to trade. Radio KYW and WPTZ (now KYW-TV) for Cleveland WTAM, WTAM-FM (now WMJI), and WNBK (now WKYC) stations; trading was eventually reversed in 1965 on the orders of the FCC and the US Department of Justice after an eight-year investigation. If CBS can not affiliate with KDKA-TV, it will affiliate with the ultimate NBC affiliate WIIC-TV (now WPXI) upon entering in 1957 instead. This coup will eventually result in a stronger relationship between Westinghouse and CBS decades later.
Programming (1945-1970)
The "Talent Attack" on NBC in the mid-1940s has brought an established radio star, who is also the star of the CBS television program. One of the reluctant CBS stars refused to bring her radio show My Favorite Husband to television unless the network will re-show the show with her husband in real life as the main character.
I Love Lucy debuted in October 1951, and was a direct sensation, with 11 million of the population of 15 million television watch sets (73% of the shares). Paley and network president Frank Stanton had little faith in the future of the Lucille Ball series, that they granted his wish and allowed her husband, Desi Arnaz, to take the financial control of the comedy production. This is the creation of the Ball-Arnaz Desilu kingdom, and has become a template for series production to date; it also serves as a template for some of the existing television conventions including the use of multiple cameras for movie scenes, the use of studio audiences and the delivery of the latest episodes for syndication to other television outlets. The phenomenal success of the prime-time quiz show, big-money, $ 64,000 Questions, encouraged its creator, Louis G. Cowan, first to executive position as CBS vice president of creative services, then to the presidency of the CBS TV network own. When a quiz showing a scandal involving a "cheated" question appeared in 1959, Cowan was fired by CBS.
When television came to the forefront of American entertainment and information, CBS dominated television as it used to be radio. In 1953, CBS television networks would generate the first profits, and would maintain dominance in television between 1955 and 1976 as well. In the late 1950s, networks often controlled seven or eight slots in the "top ten" ranks with respected events such as Route 66 .
During the Presidency of James T. Aubrey (1958-1965), CBS was able to balance prestigious television projects (in accordance with the Tiffany Network image), with a lower culture, broader appeals program. So the network challenges rates like The Twilight Zone, The Defenders and East Side/West Side, and The Andy Griffith Show , The Beverly Hillbillies , Gomer Pyle, USMC , and Gilligan's Island .
This success will continue for many years, with CBS being hit from the first place simply because of the emergence of ABC in the mid-1970s. Perhaps because of its status as a top-rated network, during the late 1960s and early 1970s CBS felt more free to gamble with controversial traits such as Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour and All in the Family > i> (and many spinoffs) during this period.
Programming: "Rural purge" and success in the 1970s and early-mid 1980s (1971-86)
In the late 1960s, CBS was highly successful in television ratings, but many of its shows (including The Beverly Hillbillies , Gunsmoke , Mayberry RFD , < i> Petticoat Junction , Hee Haw and Green Acres ) are more appealing to older and more rural and younger audiences for young, urban, and others rich audiences an advertiser seeks to target. Fred Silverman (who later headed ABC, and then NBC) made the decision to cancel most of the shows in mid-1971 in what became everyday language called "Rural Cleaning", with Green Acres cast member Pat Buttram commented that the network was canceling "anything with a tree in it".
While the "rural" show got an ax, a new hit, like the The Mary Tyler Moore Show , All in Family , The Bob Newhart Show > Cannon , Barnaby Jones , Kojak and The Sonny & amp; Cher Comedy Hour took their place on the network schedule and made CBS the top of the list until the early 1970s. The majority of these hits are overseen by East Coast vice president Alan Wagner. 60 Minutes also move to 7:00 pm. Eastern Time slot on Sunday in 1975 and became the first prime news television program to enter the Nielsen Top 10 in 1978.
One of the most popular CBS events during that period was the 11-season dramedy from 1972 to 1983 and based on the hit movie Robert Altman ; as in the film, this series was made during the Korean War at the Army Surgery Hospital. The 2 ½ hour series series, in its premiere on February 28, 1983, had a peak audience of up to 125 million Americans (77% of all US television viewers that night), who set it as the most watched of all time. one US television episode; it also holds the ubiquitous distinction of having the largest single night primetime viewing of any television program in US history until it is surpassed by the Super Bowl, who has taken a consistent record since 2010 (through face-to-face annual championship games by CBS and Fox's competitor network and NBC).
Silverman also first developed his strategy to spin new shows from the hit hit series while on CBS, with Rhoda and Phyllis spinning from The Mary Tyler Moore Show , Maude and The Jeffersons spin from All in the Family and Good Times from Maude me. After Silverman's departure, CBS lagged behind ABC for second place in the 1976-77 season, but still considered strong, based on previous hits and some new ones: One Day at a Time Alice Lou Grant , WKRP in Cincinnati , The Dukes of Hazzard (suspicious "rural" series) and, the biggest hit of the early 1980s , Dallas , which last held the record for the most-watched non-series television episode of the United States - November 21, 1980, premieres the episode of the internationally-renowned Who Who's JRS resolution? cliffhanger.
In 1982, ABC was exhausted, NBC was in great trouble with many of Silverman's ill-defined programming attempts during his tenure as network president (four-year run starting in 1978), and CBS once again stranded ahead, courtesy of success main Dallas (and Knots Landing spins), as well as hits at Falcon Crest , Magnum, PI , < i> Simon & amp; Simon and 60 Minutes . CBS also acquired the broadcasting rights for the NCAA Men's Division Tournament Division I in 1982 (taking over NBC), which has been broadcasting the network every March since then. CBS bought the award-winning documentary company Emmy Dennis B. Kane and formed a new company CBS/Kane Productions International (CKPI). This network managed to pull some new hits over the next few years - namely Kate & amp; Allie , Newhart , Cagney & amp; Lacey , Scarecrow and Mrs. King , and Killing, She Wrote - however, this resurrection will be short-lived. CBS has plunged into debt as a result of Ted Turner's failed takeover attempt, in which CBS chairman Thomas Wyman helped to deflect it. The network sells stations owned and operated by St. Louis, KMOX-TV, and allowed the purchase of most of its shares (under 25 percent) by the chairman of Loew's Inc., Laurence Tisch. As a result, the collaboration between Paley and Tisch led to Wyman's slow dismissal, with Tisch taking over as chief operating officer, and Paley returning as chairman.
Programming: Tiffany Network is in trouble (1986-2002 )
By the end of the 1987-88 season, CBS had fallen to third behind ABC and NBC for the first time, and had some rebuilding to do.
In 1984, the The Cosby Show and Miami Vice debuted on NBC and soon collected high ratings, helping bring the network back to the first place in the 1985-86 season with a rock write. it includes some other hits (such as Amin , Family Bond , Chew , The Golden Girls Life, LA Law and 227 ). ABC in turn also rebounds with hits like Dynasty , Who's the Boss? Hotel , Growing Pains , the Miracle Year , and Roseanne .
Some basics have been put on when CBS fell in rank, with hits Simon & amp; Simon , Falcon Crest , Murder, She Wrote , Kate & amp; Allie and Newhart are still in the schedule of the latest awakening, and hits the future of Designing Women , Jake and the Fatman and newsmagazine 48 Hours has debuted during the late 1980s. The network also still earns proper ratings for 60 Minutes , Dallas and Knots Landing ; However, the ratings for Dallas are far from what they were in the early 1980s. During the early 1990s, the network would enhance its line of sports by obtaining TV broadcast rights for Major League Baseball from ABC and NBC and the ABC Winter Olympics despite losing to the National Basketball Association to NBC after the 1989-90 NBA season.
Under network president Jeff Sagansky, the network was able to gain strong ratings from the new show Diagnosis: Murder ; Touched by the Angels ; Dr. Quinn, Medical Woman ; Walker, Texas Ranger, Picket Fences and Jake and the Fatman during this period, and CBS was able to reclaim the first place crown briefly, in the 1992-93 season; However, the disadvantage to networks over this period of time is that its programming slate is leaning toward demographics older than ABC, NBC or even Fox, with its relatively limited presence at that time; a joke even hovered around that CBS was a "network for the living dead" during this period. In 1993, the network made a breakthrough in building a successful late-night talk show franchise to compete with NBC's The Tonight Show when it signed David Letterman of NBC after the Late Night host was authorized as successor Johnny Carson on Tonight supports Jay Leno.
Despite his success with Late Show with David Letterman , 1993 saw the network suffer to a time where television changed forever. The network lost the rights to two major sports leagues: the network terminated its contract with Major League Baseball (after losing about US $ 500 million over the span of four years), with the league reaching a new contract with NBC and ABC. Then on December 17 of that year, in a move that surprised many media analysts and television viewers, Fox - and then a new network that in the last seven years began to grow several popular programs on the Top 20 Nielsen together with established colleagues - beating CBS for broadcast rights to the National Football Conference, removed the elder network from the National Football League football game for the first time since CBS began broadcasting games from the pre-merged NFL in 1955; Fox bid $ 1.58 billion for NFC television rights, much higher than CBS's reported bid of $ 290 million to keep the contract.
The acquisition of NFC rights, which was in effect with the 1994 NFL season, and which caused CBS to be dubbed "Can not Broadcast Sports", resulted in Fox attacking a series of affiliate transactions with old affiliates of each of the Big Three networks; CBS bore the brunt of the switch, with many existing affiliates lured by Fox (especially those owned by New World Communications, which Fox struck the largest affiliate deal with while most stations that CBS eventually affiliated with to replace the previously lost affiliates for Fox are former affiliates Fox and independent stations, most of which were not limited to local news presence before joining CBS.The network attempted to fill the NFL's loss by pursuing rights to the National Hockey League; when CBS retaliated with an offer, Fox also beat the network for NHL rights.
The loss of NFL, along with ill-fated attempts to court youth audiences, led to a downgrade of CBS. One of the affected events is the Late Show with David Letterman , which sees a decrease in viewership largely due to affiliate switches, sometimes even landing in third place in its timeslot behind ABC > Nightline >; as a result, NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , the Late Show often dominates during the first two years of the show, becoming the top rated nightly talk show. However, CBS was able to generate multiple hits during the mid-1990s, such as The Nanny , JAG (which moved to the network from NBC), Chicago Hope , Cosby , Cybill , Touched by Angel and Everybody Loves Raymond .
CBS sought family palaces on Friday with the launch of the family-oriented comedy block, the "CBS Block Party", in the 1997-98 season (consisting of Important Families , Step by Step , Meego and The Gregory Hines Show , all but the last one coming from Miller-Boyett Productions, who had maintained relationships with ABC during the late 1980s and 1990s). The formation failed to compete with the ABC "TGIF" lineup (which saw its own erosion of the season): Meego and Hines was canceled in November, while Family Problems and Step by Step were given a hiatus and ended their journey in the summer of 1998. That winter, CBS aired his last Olympics to date with his broadcast from the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano; NBC, which has held the rights to the Summer Olympics since 1988, took over the coverage of the Winter Olympics starting with the 2002 Olympics.
The building blocks for the return of the network to the top ranking came into effect in 1997, when CBS regained the NFL through the acquisition of television rights to the American Football Conference (removing the package from NBC after 32 years), effectively with the 1998 season. The contract took place shortly before the advent of the AFC as the dominant NFL conference over the NFC, fueled in part by the turnaround of the New England Patriots in the 2000s. With the help of the AFC package, CBS surpassed NBC for first place in the 1999-2000 season; However, it was beaten by ABC the following year. The network got additional hits in the late 1990s and early 2000s with series like The King of Queens, Nash Bridges, Assessing Amy < i> Becker and Yes, honor .
Programming: Go back to first place and competition with Fox (2002-present)
Another turning point for CBS came in the summer of 2000 when it debuted on the summer reality show Survivor and Big Brother, which was a summer surprise for the network. In January 2001, CBS debuted its second season of Survivor after its broadcast from Super Bowl XXXV and scheduled it on Thursday at 8:00. Eastern time; it also moved the criminal investigative drama CSI (who had made his debut that falls in the 9:00 pm Friday night time slot) to follow Survivor at 9:00 pm. on Thursday. The pair of two performances were able to hypnotize and eventually beat the NBC lineup late Thursday, and attracted younger viewers to the network.
During 2000, CBS found additional success with many police procedures (some of which were produced by Jerry Bruckheimer) including Cold Case , Imprint , Criminal Minds >, NCIS and The Mentalist , along with CSI CSI spin-off CSI: Miami and CSI: NY and sitcom Stand Still , Two Half Men , How I Met Your Mother , Old Adventure Christine Tua , Engagement Rules and Big Bang Theory . Slate network programming, backed largely by the success of CSI , briefly led the network to reclaim the first place in the ranking of NBC in the 2002-03 season. This decade also saw CBS finally make progress ratings on Friday night, the eternal weak spot for the network, focusing on drama series like Ghost Whisperer and a relatively short-lived but critically acclaimed Joan of Arcadia .
CBS became America's most watched TV broadcasting network once again in the 2005-06 season, an achievement reported by the network in air promotion as "America's Recorded Network" (a term that will be used again in the 2011-12 season). This went on until the 2007-08 season, when Fox took over CBS for the first time, becoming the first non-Big Three network to earn the title of the most watched network in the United States; although CBS continued to strengthen its ranks, Fox's first position in the season was primarily due to his dependence on American Idol (the # 1 longest US television show since 2004 to 2011). CBS took over its place as the top ranked network in the 2008-09 season, where it has remained every season since then. Fox and CBS, both ranked the highest of the major broadcast networks during the 2000s, tend to be almost identical to each other in 18-34, 18-49 and 25-54 demographics, with one network taking turns in the first placement of either group- this group with a very close margin. NCIS , which has been the mainstay of the CBS lineup on Tuesday for most of its operations, became the highest drama on the network in the 2007-08 season.
The year 2010 sees additional hits for the network including the drama series The Good Wife ; Police Procedures People's Interests , Blue Blood , Basic , Hawaii Five-0 and NCIS i> spin-off NCIS: Los Angeles ; reality series Undercover Boss ; and sitcoms 2 Broke Girls and Mike & amp; Molly . The Big Bang Theory , one of the few sitcoms from veteran writer/producer Chuck Lorre, starts with a modest ranking but sees its impressions skyrocketing (earnings per episode ranking up to 17 million viewers) to become the top of the comedy network wing in the US in the 2010-11 season, as well as the most watched US television programs starting from the 2013-14 season, when the series became the network's anchor line on Thursday. Meanwhile, the Lorre series produced for that position, Two and Half Men, saw his ratings drop to a respectable level for his last four seasons after the shooting of 2011 original star Charlie Sheen (due to a dispute with Lorre) and the addition of Ashton Kutcher as its main advantages.
Until 2012, CBS was ranked second among adults 18-49, but after Fox's declining ranking during the fall of 2012-13, the network was able to occupy top positions in demographics as well as in total views (for the fifth year in a row) on early 2013. At the end of the 2012-13 season, the tenth season of NCIS took the top spot among the most watched networking programs of the season, which gave CBS the best show after American Idol ended her primetime national outlook for eight years (with NBC Sunday Night Football taking over the top spot from Idol the previous year and from NCIS later), for the first since the 2002-03 season (when CSI: Crime Scene Investigation leads Nielsen's prime time network ranking on a seasonal basis).
The 2013-14 slate power leads to a series surplus on CBS 2014-15, with 21 series held from previous seasons, along with eight new series including moderate hits at Madam Secretary, NCIS: New Orleans and Scorpion . Also, midseason hits The Odd Couple reboots and CSI spin-off CSI: Cyber ​​â € <â € <. The network also expanded the NFL coverage through a partnership with NFL Network to bring Thursday Night Football games during the first eight weeks of the NFL season.
On September 29, 2016, National Amusements, owner of both CBS's CBS Corporation, and its sister company Viacom (owner of Paramount Pictures), sent a letter to both companies, encouraging them to rejoin the company. On December 12, the deal was canceled. However, on January 12, 2018, CNBC reported that both CBS and Viacom had re-entered the talks to join.
The two companies have also been reported in talks to acquire Lionsgate, along with Amazon, Verizon, and Comcast (owners of NBC and CNBC through NBCUniversal division) to improve after the proposed 21st Century Fox acquisition and assets from Rupert Murdoch by The Walt Disney Company. This was reported at the same time as the CBS and Viacom re-merger talks. Lionsgate vice chairman Michael Burns has stated in an interview with CNBC that Lionsgate is very interested in joining CBS and Viacom.
CBS television news operations
After becoming a WCBW commercial station in 1941, the CBS pioneering television station in New York City broadcasted two daily news programs, at 2:30 and 7:30 in the morning. weekdays, anchored by Richard Hubbell. Most newscasts feature Hubbell who reads scripts only with occasional cutaways to the map or still shoots. When Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7, 1941, WCBW (which is usually off-the-air on Sunday to give the engineers a day off), got off in the air at 8:45. night with a broad special report. The national emergency even tore down the unspoken wall between CBS radio and television. WCBW executives persuaded radio broadcasters and experts like George Fielding Elliot and Linton Wells to come to Grand Central Station's studio at the station at night, and provide information and comments about the attack. Though the WCBW special report that night went on
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments