Stadium (stadium plural or stadia ) is the place or place for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of field or stage either partially or entirely surrounded by tiered structures designed to allow the audience to stand or sit and watch the event.
Pausanias notes that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was a race consisting of one long stade in Olympia, where the word "stadium" originated.
In modern times, the stadium is officially a stadium when at least 50% of its actual capacity is actual buildings, such as concrete booths or chairs. If most of the capacity is formed by the grass, the gym is not officially considered a stadium.
Most stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for soccer associations, or soccer, the most popular sport in the world. Other popular sports stadiums include tennis court, baseball, ice hockey, basketball, cricket, rugby union, rugby league, Australian football, soccer Gaelic, rugby seven, lacrosse field, soccer arena, lacrosse box, futsal, minifootball, bandy athletics, volleyball, handball, hurling, gymnastics, ski jumping, motorsports (formula 1, NASCAR, IndyCar, motorcycle racing, speedway motor, Monster Jam), wrestling, boxing, mixed martial arts, sumo, netball, tennis, table tennis, badminton, cycling, ice skating, golf, swimming, field hockey, Kabaddi, bullfighting, lacrosse box, international football rules, riding, polo, horse racing, and heavy lifting. A large number of major sports venues are also used for concerts. Basketball is the world's most popular arena sport (or indoor stadium). Big racing circuits and big horse racing tracks are not stadiums, but sports venues, because the entire surface of the game can not be seen from the stands. For the difference, compare the List of stadiums by capacity with the list of sports venues by capacity.
Video Stadium
Etimologi
"Stadium" is a Latin form of the Greek word "stadium" ( ??????? ), a length equivalent to a length of 600 feet. Because the leg length varies, the exact length of the stadium depends on the length adopted for 1 foot at a particular place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadium = 600Ã, ft (180 m), in certain historical contexts it may actually signify lengths up to 15% larger or smaller.
The equivalent Roman size, stadium, has the same length - about 185 m (607 ft) - but instead defined in legs defined using a standard Roman passus into a 125 passing distance? S (two steps).
The use of English stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure that surrounds the Roman tracks along that length.
Most dictionaries provide for both stadium and stadia as valid forms of English, although etymological purists sometimes apply stadia only for longer sizes than 1 stadium.
Maps Stadium
History
The oldest known stadium is the stadium in Olympia, in western Peloponnese, Greece, where the Olympic Games of ancient is held from 776 BC. Initially 'Games' consists of one event , a sprint along the stadium. The stadium , long size, may be related to "Stadium", but the line at the Stadium in Olympia is longer than conventional stadium . The Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in many ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the Stadium of Domitian, in Rome.
The renowned and renewed Panathenaic ancient stadium hosted an early version of the Olympics in 1870, 1875, 1896 and 1906. The excavations and repairs of the stadium are part of the heritage of Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, and it is the first ancient stadium to be used in modern era.
The modern stadium
The first stadium built in the modern era is a basic facility, designed for the sole purpose of fitting as many spectators as possible. With tremendous growth in the popularity of organized sports in the late Victorian era, especially football in England and baseball in the United States, such structures were first built. One such early stadium was Lansdowne Road Stadium, the idea of ​​Henry Dunlop, who organized the first All Ireland Athletics Championships. Banned from the location of a sporting event at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. "I am stretching a cinder for a quarter mile, putting down the current Lansdowne Tennis Club land with my own theodolite, starting Lansdowne's archer club, Lansdowne cricket club, but not least, Lansdowne Rugby Football Club - red, black and yellow. "Around 300 baskets of ground load from the trench under the tracks were used to raise the ground, allowing Dunlop to use his engineering skills to create an enviable field around Ireland.
Other early stadia from this period in England included the Stamford Bridge stadium (opened in 1877 for the London Athletic Club) and Anfield stadium (1884 as the venue for Everton F.C.).
In the US, many professional baseball teams build large stadiums mainly from wood, with the first such being the South End Grounds in Boston, opened in 1871 for a team known as Boston Beaneaters (now Atlanta Braves). However, many of these gardens are burning, and even those who are not burned out are inadequate for the game that is growing. All the 19th century wooden gardens were replaced, some after only a few years, and nothing has survived to this day.
Goodison Park is the first purpose built football stadium in the world. Wally-based building firm Kelly Brothers is instructed to set up two open booths, each of which can accommodate 4,000 spectators. A third enclosed booth that holds 3,000 spectators is also requested. Everton officials were impressed with the builders' work and agreed on two further contracts: the exterior heap built at a cost of Ã, Â £ 150 and 12 revolving doors fitted at a cost of Ã, Â £ 7 each. The stadium was officially opened on August 24, 1892 by Lord Kinnaird and the Frederick Wall of Football Association. No football is played; instead, 12,000 spectators watched a short athletic event followed by music and fireworks performances. Once completed, the stadium is the first joint soccer stadium built in the world.
Archibald Leitch architect brings his experience with industrial building construction to bear the design of functional stadiums across the country. His work covers the first 40 years of the 20th century. One of his most famous designs is Old Trafford in Manchester. The ground was originally designed with a capacity of 100,000 spectators and featured seating in the southern stands under cover, while the remaining three tribunes were left as porch and found. It was the first stadium to feature continuous seating along the contours of the stadium.
Early places, originally designed to host football matches, were adopted for use by the Olympics, the first being held in 1896 in Athens, Greece. The White City stadium, built for the Summer Olympics in 1908 in London is often referred to as the first modern stadium, at least in England. Designed by engineer J.J. Webster and finished in 10 months by George Wimpey, on the site of the French-British Exhibition, the stadium with a seating capacity of 68,000 was opened by King Edward VII on April 27, 1908. Upon completion, the stadium has a trajectory of 24Ã, ft wide (7.3 m ) and three laps to the mile (536 m); Outside there is a 35-foot-wide (11 m), 660-yard (600 m) cycle track. The infield included a swimming pool and diving. London Highbury Stadium, built in 1913, is the first stadium in the UK featuring a two-tier seating arrangement when redesigned in Art Deco style in 1936.
During this decade, the development of parallel stadiums is underway in the US. The Baker Bowl, a baseball park in Philadelphia that opened in its original form in 1887 but was rebuilt in 1895, broke new ground in the construction of the stadium in two main ways. The incarnation of both stadiums featured the first deck (deck) first in the cantilever at the gym, and also the first baseball park that uses steel and bricks for most of its construction. Another influential place is Boston's Harvard Stadium, built in 1903 by Harvard University for American football and athletes and field teams. It is the first stadium in the world to use concrete and steel construction. In 1909, the concrete-and-steel construction came to baseball with opening venues in each of the two largest cities in Pennsylvania - Shibe Park in Philadelphia and, a few months later, Forbes Field in Pittsburgh. The latter is the world's first three-story sports venue. The opening of these gardens marks the beginning of the era of "jewel box" development of the park. The largest ever stadium crowd was 199,854 people watching the 1950 World Cup final in Rio de Janeiro's Maracanà £ £ on July 16, 1950.
Ancient stadium
The stadiums in Greece and ancient Rome were built for different purposes, and at first only the Greeks built structures called "stadiums"; Rome built a structure called "Circus." The Greek stadium is for the leg race, while the Roman circus is for horse races. However, both have similar shapes and similar bowl spheres around them for the audience. The Greeks also developed the theater, with seating arrangements signifying the modern stadium. The Romans imitated the theater, then expanded it to accommodate the larger crowd and more elaborate arrangements. The Romans also developed a double-sized round theater called the amphitheater, seating the crowd in tens of thousands for gladiatorial battles and wild animal performances. The stadium and the Greek theater as well as the circus and the Roman amphitheater are all ancestors of the modern stadium.
An example of an ancient stadium
The modern stadium
Type
The stadium dome is distinguished from conventional stadiums with their enclosed roofs. Many of these are actually not domes in the sense of pure architecture, some better described as domes, some have roofs that are backed up and others have more exotic designs such as tensegrity structures. However, in the context of the sports stadium, the term "dome" has become the standard for all enclosed stadiums, especially since the first closed stadium, the Houston Astrodome, is built with real dome-shaped roofs. Some stadiums have partial roofs, and some have even been designed to have a moving field as part of the infrastructure. The Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans is a true dome structure made of flat, multi-ring frames and has a diameter of 680 feet (210 m). It is the largest permanent vaulted structure in the world.
Although closed, the dome stadiums are called stadiums because they are large enough for, and are designed for, what are generally considered outdoor sports such as athletics, American football, football associations, rugby, and baseball. Designed for what is commonly indoor sports such as basketball, ice hockey, and volleyball are usually called arenas . Exceptions include the basketball arena at Duke University, called Cameron Indoor Stadium; Red Bull Arena, which is home to the New York Red Bulls of MLS; U Arena near Paris, home to the rugby club, Racing 92; and the now destroyed Chicago Stadium, the former Chicago Blackhawks home of the NHL and the Chicago Bulls of the NBA.
Design issues
Different sports require fields of different sizes and shapes. Some stadiums are designed primarily for a single sport while others can accommodate a variety of events, especially ones with retractable seats. Stadiums built specifically for soccer associations are quite common in Europe; However, Gaelic game stadiums (such as the incomplete Croke Park) will be the most common in Ireland, while being built specifically for baseball or common American football in the United States. The most common multi-functional design combines football pitch with a running track, a combination that generally works reasonably well, although certain compromises must be made. The main drawback is that the tribunes need to set a good distance from the field, especially at the ends of the field. In the case of some smaller stadiums, there is no stand at the end. When there are tribunes around, the stadium takes an oval shape. When one end is open, the stadium has a horseshoe shape. The three configurations (open, oval and horseshoe) are common, especially in the case of an American college soccer stadium. The rectangular stadium is more common in Europe, especially for football where many stadiums have four booths that are often different and very different on the four sides of the stadium. These are often all different sizes and designs and have been established at different periods in the stadium's history. A very different character from European soccer stadiums has led to an increasing hobby of hopping the land where audiences travel to visit the stadium for themselves rather than for events held there. In recent years the trend of building a truly new oval stadium in Europe has caused traditionalists to criticize its design as bland and lacking in the character of the old stadium they replace.
In North America, where American baseball and soccer are two of the most popular outdoor sports, a number of multi-purpose soccer stadiums are built, especially during the 1960s, and some are successful.
However, because the requirements for baseball and soccer are very different, the trend is toward the construction of a single-purpose stadium, starting with Kansas City in 1972-1973 and accelerating in the 1990s. In some cases, an American football stadium has been built adjacent to a baseball park, to allow shared parking spaces and other facilities. With the advent of MLS, the construction of football-specific stadiums has also increased since the late 1990s to better suit the sport's needs. In many cases, earlier baseball stadiums were built to enter certain areas of land or city blocks. This results in asymmetric dimensions for many areas of baseball. Yankee Stadium, for example, is built on a triangle city block in The Bronx, New York City. This results in large left field dimensions but small right field dimensions.
Prior to the modern football stadium built in the United States, many baseball parks, including Fenway Park, Polo Grounds, Wrigley Field, Comiskey Park, Tiger Stadium, Griffith Stadium, Milwaukee County Stadium, Shibe Park, Forbes Field, Yankee Stadium, and Sportsman's Park were used by National Football League or American Football League. (To some extent, this continues in lower league football as well, with TD Ameritrade Park being used as a home stadium from Omaha Nighthawks United Football League.) Along with the currently used single stadium is the tendency for retro style ballparks closer to the city center area. Oriole Park on Camden Yards is the first baseball stadium for Major League Baseball to be built, using the early 20th century style with 21st century facilities.
There is a sun-powered stadium in Taiwan that produces as much energy as it needs to function.
Stadio designers often study acoustics to increase the noise caused by the sound of fans, aiming to create a lively atmosphere.
Exposure
Until the appearance of the spotlights, most of the games played in large areas must depend on natural lighting.
Bramall Lane is reported as the stadium with the first spotlight. Floodlighting in football associate associations as far back as 1878, when there was an illuminated experimental match at Bramall Lane, Sheffield during a dark winter afternoon. Without a national network, lights are supported by batteries and dynamo, and are not reliable.
Since the development of the power grid, lighting has become an important element in the design of the stadium, allowing the game to be played after sunset, and in a closed, or partially closed stadium that allows less natural light, but provides more shelter for the community.
Spectator area and seating
The "all-seater" stadium has seating for all spectators. Another stadium is designed so that all or a few spectators stand up to see the event. The term "all-seater" is uncommon in the US, because very few stadiums in America have a large enough section. Bad stadium designs have caused disasters, such as the Hillsborough debacle and the Heysel Stadium disaster. Because of this, all Premier League, UEFA European Championships and FIFA World Cup qualifiers require all audiences to sit (although not necessarily in the stadium of all seats, if the terrace is left empty).
The audiences area in a stadium can be called as bleachers, especially in the US, or as a terrace, especially in England, but also in some American baseball parks, as an alternative to the term > tier . Originally set for standing room only, they are now usually equipped with seating. Either way, the term comes from such steps that resemble a farm terrace. Related, but not exactly the same, is the use of the word terrace to describe the sloping part of a field in a baseball park, perhaps, but not necessarily for seating, but for practical or decorative purposes. The most famous is at Crosley Field in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Many stadiums make suites or luxury boxes available for customers at high prices. This suite can accommodate less than 10 spectators or more than 30 depending on the place. Luxury suites at shows like the Super Bowl can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Safety and security
Due to the number of people gathered in the stadium and the frequency of occurrences, many of the most notorious accidents occurred in the past, causing death, pain and horror. For example, the Hillsborough disaster was a human crush at the Hillsborough soccer stadium in Sheffield, England on April 15, 1989. As a result 96 deaths and 766 injuries made it the worst disaster in British sports history.
Much effort has been made to avoid the recurrence of such events, both in design and legislation. Especially where there is a risk of terrorism or violence that is still felt high to prevent human death and make the stadium as a place where families can enjoy public events together.
In Europe and South America, during the 20th century, it was common for violent support bands to fight inside or near football stadiums. In England they are known as hooligans.
Structural features that enhance security include separate entry and exit access for each spectator area, especially separating access for home and visitor support, separation walls, glass parapets, vibration damping systems and sprinklers.
Security features that have been adopted include armed surveillance, identity document checks, video surveillance, metal detectors and security searches to enforce rules that prohibit audiences from carrying dangerous or potentially harmful items.
Political and economic issues
Modern stadiums, especially the largest of them, are megaprojects that can only be granted by the largest companies, wealthiest individuals, or governments. Sports fans have a deep emotional attachment to their team. In North America, with a closed league "franchise" system, there are fewer teams than the city that wants it. This creates an extraordinary bargaining power for team owners, where owners can threaten to move teams to other cities unless the government subsidizes the construction of new facilities. In Europe and Latin America, where there are several association football clubs in a particular city, and several leagues in each country, there is no such monopoly power, and the stadium is built primarily with personal money. Beyond professional sports, the government is also involved through tough competition for the right to organize major sporting events, especially the Summer Olympics and the FIFA World Cup (football association), where cities often promise to build new stadiums to meet the International Olympic Committee (IOC) or FIFA.
Environmental Issues
The modern stadium carries some negative environmental problems with its construction. They need thousands of tons of materials to build, they greatly increase traffic in the area around the stadium, as well as maintaining the stadium. Increased traffic around the modern stadium has led to the creation of a zone of exposure, says Health Effect Institute, which exposes 30-40% of people living around the stadium for potential health problems. Many stadiums try to overcome this problem by applying solar panels, and high efficiency lighting, to reduce their own carbon footprint.
Corporate naming
In recent decades, to help bear the enormous burden of building and maintaining stadiums, many American and European sports teams have sold rights on behalf of the facility. This trend, which began in the 1970s, but was greatly accelerated in the 1990s, has led to the names of sponsors affixed to established and new stadiums. In some cases, the company's name replaces (with varying degrees of success) a name the place has known for years. But many newly built stadiums, such as the Volkswagen Arena in Wolfsburg, Germany, were never known by non-corporate names. The phenomenon of sponsorship has spread all over the world. There are still several stadiums of the city, often known by significant names for their area (eg, Minneapolis' Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome). In recent years, some government-owned stadiums are also subject to rights naming treaties, with some or all of the revenue often coming into the team (s) playing there.
One of the consequences of naming a company is an increase in the name change of the stadium, when the company name changes its name, or if the naming agreement just ends. Phoenix's Chase Field, for example, was formerly known as Bank One Ballpark, but was renamed to reflect the company's recent takeover. San Francisco's famous candlestick Park was renamed 3Com Park for several years, but the name was dropped when the sponsorship agreement expired, and that was two years before the new Monster Products Monster Park Monster Park name was applied. Local opposition to the company's naming of the special stadium caused the San Francisco city council to permanently return the name of Candlestick Park after the Monster contract expired. Recently, in Ireland, there was a major denial of Lansdowne Road Dublin's historic renaming as the Aviva Stadium. Lansdowne was redeveloped as Aviva, which opened in May 2010.
On the other hand, the Great West Forum of Los Angeles, one of the earliest examples of corporate renaming, retained its name for years, even after the name bank ceased to exist, the company's name was dropped only after the building subsequently changed ownership. This practice is usually less common in countries outside the United States. An important exception is the Japanese Professional Nippon Baseball league, where many of the teams themselves are named according to their parent company. Also, many newer European football stadiums, such as Macron Stadium and Emirates in the UK and Signal Iduna Park and Allianz Arena in Germany have been named the company.
New trends in company naming (or renaming) can be distinguished from the names of some older places, such as Crosley Field, Wrigley Field, and Busch Stadium first and second, where the park is named by and for club owners, who also happens to be the name of the company owned by the owner of the club. (The Busch Stadium currently receives its name through a modern naming rights agreement.) SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario, Canada was renamed the Rogers Center in 2005, omitting any reference that it is a domed stadium.
During the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, several temporary stadiums were renamed because FIFA banned stadium sponsors. For example, the Allianz Arena in Munich is called the FIFA World Cup Stadium, Munich during the tournament. Likewise, the same stadium will be known as the "MÃÆ'¼nchen Arena" during the European Competition. Similar rules affect Imtech Arena and Veltins-Arena. This rule applies even if the stadium sponsor is the official sponsor of FIFA - the Johannesburg stadium then commercially known as "Coca-Cola Park", under the name of one of FIFA's main sponsors, is known by the historic name of Ellis Park Stadium during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. the company also temporarily replaced during the Olympics.
Music venue
Although such concerts for classical music have been presented there for decades, the 1960 stadium began to be used as a live venue for popular music, giving rise to the term "rock arena" or "rock stadium", especially for hard rock forms. and progressive rock. The origins of stadium stones are sometimes dated when the Beatles played Shea Stadium in New York in 1965. Also important was the use of large stadiums for American tours by bands in the 1960s, such as The Rolling Stones, Grand Funk Railroad and Led Zeppelin. The trend evolved in the mid-1970s as increased amplification power and sound systems enabled the use of larger and larger places. Smoke, fireworks, and sophisticated lighting show staples from arena rock shows. The main actions of this era include Journey, REO Speedwagon, Boston, Foreigners, Styx, Kiss, Peter Frampton, and Queen. In the 1980s the arena of rock became dominated by glam metal bands, following in the footsteps of Aerosmith and including MÃÆ'¶tley CrÃÆ'¼e, Quiet Riot, W.A.S.P. and Ratt. Since the 1980s, rock, pop, and folk stars, including Grateful Dead, Madonna, Britney Spears, Beyoncà © ©, Lepa Brena, Taylor Swift, have toured large scale stadium-based concerts.
See also
Note
Further reading
-
John, Geraint; Rod Sheard; Ben Vickery (2007). Stadia: Design and Development Guide (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press. ISBN: 978-0-7506-6844-6. - Lisle, Benjamin D. Modern Coliseum: American Staging and Culture (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2017). 321 pp
- Serby, Myron W. (1930). Stadium; A Treatise on Stadium Design and Their Equipment . New York, Cleveland: American Institute of Steel, inc. Ã, (worldcat) (search)
External links
- World Stadium
- Stadium DB - Football Stadium Database
- Stadium Journey
- Football Tripper - Independent Stadium Guide
- Wikistadium - Archive of the Stadium
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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