Astana ( , US: ; Kazakh: ?????? , Astana [? St? 'N?] Ã, ( listen ) ) is the capital of Kazakhstan. It is located on the banks of the Ishim River in northern Kazakhstan, in the Aqmola Region, although it is managed separately from the region as a city of special status. The 2017 official estimate reported a population of 1,029,556 within the city limits, making it the second largest city in Kazakhstan, behind Almaty.
Astana became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, and has since grown economically into one of the most modern cities of Central Asia, with a futuristic-looking building designed by world-renowned architects.
Modern Astana is a planned city, like BrasÃÆ'lia in Brazil, Canberra in Australia, and Washington, D.C. in the United States and other planned capitals. After Astana became the capital of Kazakhstan, the city changed its shape by cardinal. Astana's master plan was designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa. As the seat of Kazakhstan's government, Astana is the site of the Houses of Parliament, the Supreme Court, the Aqorda Presidential Palace and various government departments and agencies. It is home to many futuristic buildings, hotels and skyscrapers. Astana also has a wide range of health care, sports and education systems.
Video Astana
Etimologi
Established in 1830 as the completion of the Akmoly or Akmolinsky prikaz (Russian: ??????????? ???? ?? ), it serves as a bastion for the Siberian Cossacks. In 1832 the settlement was granted town status and renamed Akmolinsk (Russian: ????????? ). On March 20, 1961 the city was renamed Tselinograd (Russian: ?????????? ) to mark the evolution of the city as a center of culture and administration of the Virgin Land Campaign. In 1992 it changed its name to Aqmola , the original name modified which means "white grave". On December 10, 1997 Aqmola replaced Almaty as the capital of Kazakhstan. On May 6, 1998 his name was changed to Astana , meaning "capital" in Kazakh.
Maps Astana
History
Russian Imperial Era (1830-1918)
The Akmoly settlement , also known as Akmolinsky prikaz , was established on the Ishim River in 1830 as an okrug chair by a Siberian Cossack unit led by Fyodor Shubin. The name may be given after the local landmark - Aqmola literally means "white tomb" in Kazakh - although this theory is not universally accepted. In 1832, the settlement was given a city status and was named Akmolinsk . The city's quite lucrative position has been evident since 1863 in an abstract of the Russian Geographic Dictionary and Statistics of the Empire. This explains how roads and coaches connect these geographic centers to Kargaly in the East, Aktau fort in the South and through Atbasar to Kokchetav in the West. In 1838, at the height of the national movement and the great liberation led by Kenesary Khan, Akmolinsk's fortress was burned. After the repression of the liberation movement, the fort was rebuilt. On July 16, 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared the city of uyezd. During the rapid development of the Russian capitalist market, the enormous Saryarka region was actively exploited by the colonial government. To compile the rules governing the Kazakh move The Russian Empire Government formed the Steppe Commission in 1865. On October 21, 1868, the Tsar Alexander II signed a draft Regulation on the governance of Turgay, Ural, Akmolinsk, and Semipalatinsk Oblasts. In 1869, the districts and external departments of Akmolinsk were canceled, and Akmolinsk became the center of the newly established Akmolinsk Oblast. In 1879, Major-General Dubelt proposed to build a railroad between Tyumen and Akmolinsk to the Russian Ministry of Communications. During the first 30 years of its existence, the population of Aqmola numbered little more than 2,000 people. However, over the next 30 years, the city's population increased threefold according to the volost and settlements of the Akmolinsk Oblast. In 1893, Akmolinsk was uyezd with 6,428 powerful residents, 3 churches, 5 schools and colleges and 3 factories.
The Soviet Era (1918-1991)
During World War II, Akmolinsk served as a route for transporting equipment and technical equipment from factories evacuated in SSR Ukraine, Byelorussian SSR, and SFSR Russia located in the oblasts section of the Kazakh SSR. The local industry is appointed to respond to the needs of war, helping the country to provide battle and front home with all the required material. In the post-war years, Akmolinsk became the beacon of the economic revival in the western part of the Soviet Union devastated by war. In addition, many Russian-Germans were resettled here after being deported under the reign of Joseph Stalin.
In the 1950s, the northern Kazakh oblast SSR became the territory of the Virgin Land Campaign led by Nikita Khrushchev, to turn the region into a second grain producer for the Soviet Union. In December 1960, the Central Committee made a resolution to create Tselinniy Krai, which consists of five areas of the North Kazakh torch SSR. Akmolinsk Oblast no longer exists as a separate administrative entity. The district is directly under the government of the new sheets, and Akmolinsk becomes the capital of the sheets, as well as the administrative site of the new territory of the Virgin Lands. On March 14, 1961, Khrushchev proposed to rename the city to a name appropriate to its role in the Virgin Lands Campaign. On March 20, 1961, the Supreme Soviet of SSR Kazakhstan renamed Akmolinsk to Tselinograd . On April 24, 1961, the area was reshaped as Tselinograd Oblast . In the 1960s, Tselinograd really changed. In 1963, work in the first three new residential districts began. In addition, the city received a number of new monumental public buildings, including the Palace of the Virgin Lands, the Palace of Youth, the Soviet House, the new airport, and several sports venues. In 1971, Tselinniy Krai was removed and Tselinograd became an oblast center.
Contemporary era (1991-present)
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence of Kazakhstan, the original form of the city was returned in a modified form Aqmola . On July 6, 1994, the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan accepted the decision "On the removal of the capital of Kazakhstan". After the capital of Kazakhstan was transferred to Aqmola on December 10, 1997, the city was renamed Astana in 1998. On 10 June 1998, Astana was featured as the international capital. On July 16, 1999, Astana was awarded the medal and the title of Peace Town by UNESCO.
Geography
Topography
Astana is located in central Kazakhstan on the Ishim River in a very flat, semi-dry area that covers most of the country's territory. It is located at 51 ° 10 'north latitude and 71 ° 26' east longitude. The city covers 722.0 square kilometers (278.8 sq mi). The altitude of Astana is 347 m (1,138 ft) above sea level. The Astana is in the vast landscape of meadows, in a transitional area between northern Kazakhstan and a very dense national center, due to the Ishim River. The older borough is located north of the river, while the new district lies south of Ishim.
Time
The offset time of UTC used by Astana is 6 hours after UTC, or UTC 6:00. It is also used by most of Kazakhstan and Almaty.
Climate
Astana is the second coldest capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, a position previously held by the Canadian capital Ottawa, until Astana reached the capital's status in 1997. Astana has an extreme continental climate with warm summers (sometimes featuring short rain) and long winters, very cold and dry. Summer temperatures sometimes reach 35Ã, ° C (95Ã,  ° F) while -30 to -35Ã,  ° C (-22 to -31Ã,  ° F) are unusual between mid-December and early March. Typically, city rivers freeze between the second week of November and early April. Astana has a very good reputation among the Kazakhs due to the frequent high winds, its impact is felt in the relatively rapidly expanding Left Bank region but is relatively exposed in the city.
Overall, Astana has a humid continental climate (climate classification KÃÆ'¶ppen Dfb ), The average annual temperature in Astana is 3.5Ã, Â ° C (38.3 Â ° F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of -14.2 Â ° C (6.4Ã, Â ° F) and a record low in January 1893 is a cold wave that reaches a temperature of -51.6 Â ° C (-60.9 Â ° F). July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 20.7 Â ° C (69.3 Â ° F).
Demographics
Population
Until September 2017, the population of Astana is 1,029,556; more than double the 2002 population of 493,000.
The city's ethnic mix on September 4, 2014 is:
- Kazakh: 65.2%
- Russian: 23.8%
- Ukraine: 2.9%
- Tatar: 1.7%
- Germany: 1.5%
- Others: 4.9%
Many argue that the urge to draw ethnic Kazakhs to the north is a key factor in shifting the capital, which was officially undermined by a lack of space for expansion in the former capital, Almaty, and its location in the earthquake zone. Astana will also be 'closer to the industrial center of Kazakhstan' than Almaty.
According to the 1999 Census, 40.5% of the population is Russia, 5.7% Ukraine, 3.0% Germany, 2.6% Tatars, 1.8% Belarusian, and 0.8% Poles. But at 41.8%, the Kazakhs outnumbered the Russians and formed the largest ethnic group, while Ingush and Korea each accounted for 0.6%. Others, mostly Uzbeks, accounted for 3.8%.
In 1989, Astana had a population of 281,000. The ethnic mix is ​​about 30% Kazakh and 70% Russian, Ukrainian and German.
In 2007, the population of Astana has more than doubled since becoming the capital, to more than 600,000, and reaching 1 million by 2017. Migrant workers - legal and illegal - have been interested from all of Kazakhstan and neighboring countries such as Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan , and Astana is a magnet for young professionals who want to build a career. This has changed the demographics of the city, bringing more of the Kazakh ethnic to a city that previously had a majority of Slavs. The ethnic population of Kazakh Astana has risen to about 60%, up from 17% in 1989. According to preliminary figures, Astana has 700,000 inhabitants by the end of 2007.
Religion
Islam is the main religion of the city. Other religions practiced in Astana are Christianity (especially Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestantism), Judaism, and Buddhism.
The Peace and Reconciliation Palace was specifically built in 2006 to host the World Leadership Congress and Traditional Religion. It contains accommodation for different religions: Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and other religions. The pyramid-shaped building will express the spirit of Kazakhstan, where culture, traditions and representatives of various nationalities co-exist in peace, harmony and agreement.
Metropolitan Region
The metropolitan areas based in Astana include Arshaly, Shortandy, Tselinograd and (partly) Aqmola District Akkol district. The area contains 1.2 million people.
Economy
Astana's economy is based on trade, industrial production, transportation, communications and construction. Urban industrial production is mainly focused on the production of building materials, foodstuffs and mechanical engineering.
Astana is the headquarters of state-owned enterprises such as Samruk-Kazyna, Kazakhstan Temir Zholy, KazMunayGas, KazTransOil, Kazatomprom, KEGOC, Kazpost and Kazakhtelecom.
The shift in capital has provided a powerful boost to Astana's economic development. The high rate of urban economic growth has attracted many investors. In the 16 years since Astana became the capital, investment volumes have increased by almost 30 times, gross regional product has increased 90 times, and industrial output has increased by 11 times. The Gross Regional Product of the city makes up about 8.5 percent of the gross domestic product of the republic.
Astana - New City's special economic zone was established in 2001 to help develop the industry and increase the city's appeal to investors. SEZ plans to commission five projects worth 20 billion KZT (approximately $ 108 million) in Industrial Park # 1 by 2015. The project includes the construction of a plant for the production of diesel engines, fast food complexes, temporary storage warehouses, and business centers. , furniture factory, and production of military and civil engineering machinery. The new Astana International Financial Center will be launched on January 1, 2018.
The Astana Administration promotes the development of small and medium enterprises through the cooperation of Samruk-Kazyna State Welfare Fund and the National Economic Chamber. Support is provided by special lending programs. As a result, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises increased 13.7% to more than 96,000 compared to the previous year on July 1, 2015. In addition, the number of people employed in small and medium-sized businesses increased 17.8% to more than 234,000 from 1 April 2015.
Astana is included in the list of 21 of the world's top smart communities, according to a report released by the Intelligent Community Forum in October 2016. Ranking lists include cities, regions and communities that use digital instruments for local economic development and communities.
Cityscape
Astana is divided into three districts. Almaty District was established on May 6, 1998 with a presidential decree. The district area covers an area of ​​21,054 hectares (52,030 hectares; 81.29 square miles) with a population of 375,938 people. The district has five villages. Yesil District, also called the left bank of the city, was formed on 5 August 2008 with a presidential decree. The district area covers an area of ​​31,179 hectares (77,040 hectares; 120,38 square miles) with a population of 119,929 people. Saryarka District was created on May 6, 1998 by presidential decree. The district area covers an area of ​​19,202 hectares (47,450 hectares, 74.14 square miles) with a population of 339,286.
In April 1998, the Government of Kazakhstan asked the famous international architects and city planners to participate in design competitions for new capital. On October 6, 1998, Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa was awarded the First Prize. Summary of the Kurokawa Proposal, since the 1960s, invokes a Paradigm shift from the age of machine principle to the principle of life-age. His work is the embodiment of Metabolism and Symbiosis, which are the two most important concepts of life-age principles. Kurokawa's proposal aims to preserve and rebuild the existing city, and create a new city on the south and east side of the Ishim River, allowing Symbiosis of History and the Future.
The northern railway, which crosses Astana east-west, is a poorer industrial and residential area. Among the railroads and the Ishim river is the city center, where current intense building activity is occurring. To the west and east are higher residential areas with parks and new administrative areas south of the Ishim River. Here many large building projects are in progress; for example, the construction of diplomatic quarters, and different government buildings. By 2030, these places must be completed. The current main planner of Astana, Vladimir Laptev, wants to build Berlin in Eurasian style. He has stated that pure administrative capital like Canberra is not one of its aims.
Panorama view
Sports
The city has various sports teams. The main association football team is FC Astana from the Kazakhstan Premiership. Founded in 2009, Astana won four league titles, three Kazakh Cup Cups, and two Kazakhstan Super Cups. Their home is the Astana Arena, which also serves as home to the national football teams of Kazakhstan and FC Bayterek. FC Bayterek is a member of Kazakhstan's First Division. They were founded in 2012, to develop youth soccer. FC Astana-1964 is based at Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium and plays at Astana Municipal Football League. The club's most successful years were the 2000s, when they won 3 league titles.
Astana is home to some professional ice hockey teams. The Barys Astana, a founding member of the Continental Hockey League in 2008 and based in Barys Arena. Nomad Astana and HC Astana play at Hockey Championship Kazakhstan. The Snezhnye Barsy of the Junior Hockey League is a junior team from Barys Astana. Astana annually hosts the Kazakhstan Presidential Cup ice hockey tournament.
The Astana Pro team, founded in 2007, participated in the UCI World Tour. This team is one of the most successful cycling teams in recent years, winning several major tours. BC Astana from VTB United League and Kazakhstan Basketball League is the only professional basketball team in Astana. It is the most successful basketball team in Kazakhstan with three Kazakhstan Basketball League titles and four Kazakhstan Basketball Cups. His home arena is Saryarka Velodrome, which is mainly used for cycling event tracks. Saryarka Velodrome hosts the UCI Track Cycling World Cup in 2011. The Astana Presidential Sports Club was established in 2012, to combine the main sports team at Astana. This organization is supported by Samruk-Kazyna Sovereign Wealth Fund. Asian Winter Games 2011 is partly held in the capital. Alau Ice Palace, hosts the World Sprint Speed ​​Skating Championships 2015. The President's Cup tennis tournament is held annually at Daulet National Tennis Center.
Education
Astana has many universities and junior colleges. in the academic year 2013/2014, Astana has a total enrollment of 53,561 students in 14 institutions of higher education, an increase of 10% over the previous year. The National University of L.N.Gumilyov Eurasia is the largest university in Astana with 16,558 students and 1,678 academic staff. It was founded as a result of the merger of the Aqmola Civil Engineering Institute and the Aqmola Pedagogical Institute on May 23, 1996. The oldest university in Astana is the S. Soberlin Kazakh Agro Technical University founded in 1957. Nazarbayev University is an autonomous research university founded in 2010. in partnership with some of the top universities in the world. Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade is an economic institution in Astana. The Kazakh Humanities and Law Institute is a legal university founded by the Ministry of Justice initiative in 1994. Astana Medical University is the only medical school in Astana until the opening of the Medecine School at Nazarbayev University in 2014. The National University of Kazakh Arts is the premier and has awarded Astana with highly qualified professional specialists in the Arts field.
The Astana School enrolls around 103,000 students in 83 schools, including 71 public schools and 12 private schools. Miras International School, established in 1999, is a private secondary school established in Astana. The Haileybury Astana School was established in 2011, as a branch of Haileybury and Imperial Service College, an independent school in England. Astana High School of Kazakhstan-Turkey is run by KATEV International Foundation. In Astana, there is the Kazakh-Turkey School of Pesantren for talented boys and girls, separately and Nurorda International School. Astana hosts two Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS), including the School of Physics and Mathematics and the Baccalaureate international school. QSI International School of Astana is an international school that provides an American curriculum for its students. School is a branch of Quality Schools International that started in the Middle East.
Transportation
Public transport
Public transportation in Astana consists of buses and taxis sharing. Over 720,000 people use public transportation every day. There are more than 40 bus lines served by over 1000 vehicles, with over 3000 people working in the public transport sector. Just like a bus, sharing a taxi has a predetermined route and working together. There are nine shared taxi routes in total. In 2011, Akimat of Astana established the company to implement a series of changes and programs in the metropolis known as "Astana's new transportation system". As part of this program, the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line is expected to start operations in Astana by 2016. Astana Light Metro is a proposed light rail system. Astana also has an air-conditioned taxi service and a modern Astana Bike bike-sharing system.
Air
Astana International Airport (IATA: TSE , ICAO: UACC ), located 17 kilometers (11 mi) southeast of the city center, is the main gateway for domestic city and civil air traffic international. It is the second busiest airport in Kazakhstan, with 2,960,181 passengers passing it by 2014. The airport has 13 airlines that operate regular passenger flights domestically and internationally. Air Astana maintains the second largest hub at the airport. The expected 50% increase in passenger traffic by 2017 has driven the construction of a new terminal with an area of ​​approximately 40,000 m².
Railway and road links
Astana is located in the center of the country, serving as a well-placed transport node for rail and automotive networks.
The Astana railway station is the city's main railway station and serves about 7,000 people daily. The new railway station, Nurly Zhol was built during the 2017 Expo event with a capacity of 12,000 customers. Tulpar Talgo is a daily express train to Almaty. Short-term plans include the construction of new railway stations in industrial estates; around the new CHPP-3 terminal will be established for freight cars.
M-36 Chelyabinsk-Almaty and A-343 Astana-Petropavlovsk highways piped through the city. The strategic geographic position of Astana allows the city to function as a transportation hub and reload for cargo formed at adjacent stations in the area.
Expo 2017
On July 1, 2010, at the 153rd General Assembly of the 153rd Administration Bureau held in Paris, representatives from Astana presented the city's bid to host the 2017 Special Expo. The Kazakh concept for this exhibition deals with the energy and social impacts of the modern world.. The theme of Astana Expo is "Energy of the Future".
Expo 2017 opened for much fanfare on June 10, with Heads of State from 17 different countries present. The 2 millionth visitor was registered on August 7th. This is the first world exhibition held in Central Asia and its central pavilion, Nur Alem , is the largest ball building in the world.
More than 4 million people visit EXPO-2017 in Astana, twice as many as estimated. It was recently announced that the Expo pavilion will be open again on November 11th. Entries will be free for all visitors. The only place that will require an additional fee to enter is "Nur Alem" and an art center.
Twin Cities
Astana maintains an official partnership with 18 cities. Twin towns and twin cities of Astana are:
Smart's
Smart City initiative Source of the article : Wikipedia
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