An arcade game or coin-op is a coin-operated entertainment machine that is usually installed in public business such as restaurants, bars and arcades. Most arcade games are video games, pinball machines, electro-mechanical games, redemption games or merchandisers. While the exact date is disputed, the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as the period that began around the late 1970s and ended around the mid-1980s. Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s, the arcade industry then declined in the western hemispheric consoles as home video games like Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in graphics and game-playing capabilities and reduced costs.
Video Arcade game
Histori
The first popular arcade games include early amusement park games such as shooting galleries, ball-throwing games, and the earliest coin-operated machines, as claimed to tell a person's luck or who play mechanical music. Midtown era amusement parks of the 1920s (such as Coney Island in New York) provide inspiration and atmosphere for later arcade games. In the 1930s the first coin-operated pinball machine appeared. These early entertainment machines were different from their electronic cousins ​​then because they were made of wood. They do not have a plunger or bonus surface lit on the playing field, and use mechanics instead of electronic score readings. Around 1977 most of the pinball machines in production switched to the use of solid-state electronics for operation and for assessment.
Electro-mechanical game
In 1966, Sega introduced an electro-mechanical game called Periscope - an initial submarine simulator and light rifle shooter that uses lights and plastic waves to simulate submerged ships from submarines. It became an instant success in Japan, Europe and North America, where it was the first arcade game at a quarter cost per game, which will remain the standard price for arcade games for years to come. In 1967, Taito released their own electro-mechanical arcade game, Crown Soccer Special , a two-player sports game that simulates football associations, using various electronic components, including electronic versions of pinball flippers.
Sega then produces a weapon game that resembles a first person shooter video game, but it is actually an electro-mechanical game that uses rear-projected images in a way similar to the ancient zoetrope to produce animated moves on screen. The first, the light-gun game Duck Hunt , appeared in 1969; it displays animated moving targets on screen, scores players on tickets, and has sound effects that are controlled by volume. That same year, Sega released an electro-mechanical arcade racing game, Grand Prix , which had first-person views, electronic sounds, dashboards with racing wheels and accelerators, and front-scrolling roads projected on the screen. The other 1969 Sega Releases, Missile , simulated shooters and combat vehicles, featured electronic sound and motion film strips to represent targets on the projection screen. This is the earliest arcade game known to feature a joystick with a fire button, which forms part of the initial dual-control scheme, where two directional keys are used to move the player's tank and a two-way joystick is used to shoot and direct the missile to the oncoming aircraft shown on the screen; when a plane was hit, an animated explosion appeared on the screen, accompanied by an explosion. In 1970 Midway released a game in North America as S.A.M.I. . In the same year, Sega released the Jet Rocket, a combat flight simulator featuring cockpit controls that could move a player's plane around the landscape displayed on the screen and fire missiles at exploding targets when hit.
In the 1970s, after the release of Pong in 1972, electronic video-games gradually replaced the electro-mechanical arcade game. In 1972, Sega released an electro-mechanical game called Killers Shark, the first known light shooter to appear in the 1975 Jaws movie. In 1974, Nintendo released Wild Gunman , a lightweight shooter who used full-motion video projection from a 16 mm film to showcase cowboy action opponents directly on the screen. One of the last successful electro-mechanical arcade games is the F-1 , a racing game developed by Namco and distributed by Atari in 1976; this game appears in the films of Dawn of the Dead <1978> and Midnight Madness (1980), as Sega's Jet Rocket the latter.. The 1978 video game Space Invaders, however, provided a more powerful blow to the popularity of the electro-mechanical game.
arcade video game
In 1971, students at Stanford University set up Galaxy Game , a coin-operated version of Spacewar's video game. It ranks as the earliest known example of a coin-operated video game. Later in the same year, Nolan Bushnell created the first mass-produced game, Computer Space , for Nutting Associates.
In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari basically created a coin-operated video game industry with the Pong game, the first successful electronic pingpong video game. Pong is proving popular, but imitators help keep Atari from dominating the coin-operated video game market.
golden age
Taito Space Invaders, in 1978, proved to be the first blockbuster arcade video game. His success marked the beginning of the golden age of arcade video games. Arcade video games sprang up in shopping centers, and small "arcade corners" appeared in restaurants, grocery stores, bars and cinemas across the United States, Japan and other countries during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Space Invaders (1978), Galaxian (1979), Pac-Man (1980), Battlezone (1980) , Defender (1980), and Bosconian (1981) are very popular. In 1981, the arcade video game industry was worth $ 8 billion ($ 21.5 billion in 2017).
During the late 1970s and 1980s, chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's, Ground Round, Dave and Busters, ShowBiz Pizza Place, and Gatti's Pizza combine a traditional restaurant or neighborhood bar with an arcade. In the late 1980s, crazy arcade video games began to fade due to advancements in home video game console technology. In 1991, US arcade video game revenue fell to $ 2.1 billion.
The late 1980s
Sega AM2's Hang-On, designed by Yu Suzuki and running on the Seger Space Harrier device, is the first of the Sega's "Super Scaler" arcade board system that allows pseudo-3D sprite-scaling at high frame rates. The sprite/tile pseudo-3D scale was handled in a similar way to textures in polygonal 3D games which were then mapped with textures in the 1990s. Designed by Suzuki Yu Sega AM2, it states that "the design is always 3D from the start, all the calculations in 3D systems, even from Hang-On I calculate the position, scale, and zoom level in 3D and convert it backwards to 2D. thinking in 3D. "It's controlled using a video game arcade cabinet resembling a motorcycle, which players move with their bodies. It started the "Taikan" trend, the use of motion-controlled arcade cabinet in many arcade games in the late 1980s, two decades before motion control became popular in the video game console.
Renaissance
In the early 1990s, the arcade underwent a major revival with the 1991 release of Capcom Street Fighter II, popularizing competitive fight games and reviving the arcade industry to a level of popularity not seen since the Pac-Man era , started a renaissance for the arcade game industry in the early 1990s. His success led to a wave of other popular games mostly in the battle genre, such as Atari's
3D polygon graphics were popularized by Sega Model 1 Virtua Racing (1992) and Virtua Fighter (1993), followed by racing games such as Namco System 22 Ridge Racer (1993) and Sega Model 2 titles Daytona USA , and light rifle shooters like Sega's Virtua Cop (1994) and Mesa Logic Area 51 > (1995), gained considerable popularity in the arcade. In 1994, arcade games in the United States generated revenues of $ 7 billion in the quarter (equivalent to $ 11.6 billion in 2017), compared to home game console sales of $ 6 billion, with many best-selling home video games in the early 1990s -an often an arcade port. Combined, total arcade revenue and US console games totaled $ 13 billion in 1994 ($ 21.5 billion in 2017) nearly two and a half times the $ 5 billion revenue contributed by films in the United States at the time.
Around the mid-1990s, the fifth-generation home console, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and Nintendo 64, began offering true 3D graphics, better sound, and better 2D graphics than ever before. In 1995, personal computers followed suit, with a 3D accelerator card. While arcade systems like the Sega Model 3 remained much more advanced than home systems in the late 1990s, the arcade games' technological advantage, in their ability to customize and use the latest graphics and sound chips, slowly began to narrow, and the comfort of home-based games ultimately led to decline in arcade games. Sega's sixth generation console, Dreamcast, can produce 3D graphics comparable to the Sega NAOMI arcade system in 1998, after which Sega produced a stronger arcade system such as Sega NAOMI Multiboard and Sega Hikaru in 1999 and Sega NAOMI 2 in 2000, before Sega eventually stopped producing expensive proprietary arcade board systems, with their next arcade board based on more affordable commercial console or PC components.
Decline
The video game arcade has declined in popularity so much in the late 1990s, that revenue in the United States dropped to $ 1.33 billion in 1999, and hit a low of $ 866 million in 2004. The gap in release date and quality between the console port and their arcade games are ported from narrowing dramatically, thus setting up the home console as a major competitor with the arcade. Furthermore, in the early 2000s, gaming networks through computers and later consoles on the Internet also emerged, replacing the head-to-head competition and the social atmosphere provided only by the arcade. Arcade also lost its status as a pioneer of new game releases. Given the choice between playing arcade games three or four times (maybe 15 minutes playing for a typical arcade game), and renting, for the same price, the exact same game - for video game consoles - the console is the preferred choice. Game fighting is the most exciting feature for the arcade, as they offer the prospect of face-to-face and tournament competition, which in itself encourages players to practice more (and spend more money in the arcade), but they can not support the business all by themselves.
To keep it fit, the arcade adds other elements to complement video games such as redemption games, merchandiser games, and food services, usually snacks and fast food. Called a "pleasure center" or "family fun center", some old chains like Chuck E. Cheese and Gatti's Pizza ("GattiTowns") also change into this format. Many of the 1980s arcade games have long since closed, and coin-operated classic games have become a big part of dedicated gamers and fans. In 2010, several cinemas and family entertainment centers still have small arcades.
2000s-2010s
In the 2000s and 2010s, the arcade has found a niche market by providing games that use special controllers that are largely inaccessible to home users, such as dance games that have a floor that feels the user's dance. An alternative interpretation (one that includes fighting games, which are constantly evolving and does not require special controls) is that the arcade is now a more socially oriented hangout, with games that focus on individual performance, rather than game content, as a major form of novelty. Examples of popular genres are rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution (1998) and DrumMania (1999), and train shooters such as Virtua Cop (1994) ), Time Crisis (1995) and House of the Dead (1996). In the Western world, the arcade video game industry still exists, but in a very reduced form. Hardware arcade video games are often based on home game consoles to reduce development costs; there is an arcade video version of Dreamcast (NAOMI, Atomiswave), PlayStation 2 (System 246), Nintendo GameCube (Triforce), and Microsoft Xbox (Chihiro) home and PC console (eg Taito Type X). Some arcades have survived with expansions to ticket-based rewards and more physical games with no equivalent home consoles, such as skee balls and Whac-A-Mole. Some genres, especially dancing and rhythm games (such as Konami's Dance Dance Revolution), continue to be popular in the arcade.
Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $ 1.8 billion in 1998 to $ 3.2 billion in 2002, rivaling PC game sales of $ 3.2 billion in the same year. In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread throughout the country. The US market also experienced a slight revival, with the number of video game arcades across the country rising from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, although this was significantly less than 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. In 2009, successful arcade games typically sell about 4000 to 6000 units worldwide.
The relatively simple but solid gameplay of many of these early games has inspired a new generation of fans who can play it on a mobile phone or with an emulator like MAME. Some classic arcade games reappear in commercial settings, such as Namco's Ms. Pac-Man 20 Year Reunion/Galaga Class 1981 two-in-one game, or integrated directly into the controller hardware (joystick) with a replaceable flash drive storing ROM games. The classic arcade has also resurfaced as a mobile game, with Pac-Man specifically selling over 30 million downloads in the United States in 2010. Classic arcades are also starting to appear in multi-game arcade machines for home users.
Japanese
In the Japanese gaming industry, arcades have remained popular to this day. In 2009, from the $ 20 billion Japanese game market, $ 6 billion of that amount was generated from the arcade, representing the largest sector of the Japanese video game market, followed by home and gaming console games at $ 3.5 billion and $ 2 billion, respectively. In 2005, arcade ownership and operations accounted for the majority of Namco for example. With a sizable withdrawal from the arcade market of companies like Capcom, Sega became the strongest player in the arcade market with a 60% market share in 2006. Despite the global decline of arcades, Japanese companies achieved record earnings for three consecutive years during this period. However, due to the country's economic recession, the Japanese arcade industry also continued to decline, from ¥ 702.9 billion (US $ 8.7 billion) in 2007 to ¥ 504.3 billion ($ 6.2 billion) in 2010. In 2013, the estimated income is Ã, Â ¥ 470 billion.
In the Japanese market, network and card features are introduced by Virtua Fighter 4 and World Club Champion Football , and new cabinets like Gundam Pod have caused deep revitalization arcade profitability in Japan. The reason for the continued popularity of arcades compared to the west, is the heavy population density and infrastructure similar to casino facilities.
Former rivals in the Japanese arcade industry, Konami, Taito, Bandai Namco Entertainment, and Sega, are now working together to keep the arcade industry alive. This is evidenced in the sharing of arcade networks, and places that have games of all big companies rather than just games from their own companies.
Maps Arcade game
Technology
Almost all modern arcade games (in addition to the very traditional Midway-type games at regional fairs) make extensive use of solid state electronics, integrated circuits and Ray Tube Katode screens. In the past, coin-operated arcade video games generally use custom hardware per-game often with multiple CPUs, very special sound and graphics chips, and the latest in expensive computer graphics display technology. This allows the arcade board system to produce more complex graphics and sound than what was then possible on a video game console or personal computer, which is no longer the case in the 2010s. The arcade game hardware in 2010 is often based on modified video game console hardware or high-end PC components. Arcade games often have deeper and more realistic game controls than PC games or consoles, including mood-specific or control accessories: fully enclosed cabinets with feedback controls, special lightguns, rear projection projections, car reproductions or aircraft cockpit, motorbike or shaped controller horses, or very dedicated controllers such as mats and fishing rods. These accessories are usually the ones that set up modern video games apart from other games, as they are usually too large, expensive, and special for use with regular PCs and home consoles.
Genre arcade
Arcade games often have short levels, simple and intuitive control schemes, and increasing difficulty. This is due to the Arcade environment, where players basically rent games as long as the avatar in their game can stay alive (or until they run out of tokens). Games on the console or PC can be referred to as "arcade games" if they share this quality or direct port of the arcade title. Many independent developers are now producing games in arcade genres that are designed specifically for use on the Internet. These games are usually designed with Flash/Java/DHTML and run directly in the web browser. The arcade racing game has a simplified physics engine and does not require much time to learn when compared to a racing simulator. Cars can change sharply without braking or understeer, and AI rivals are sometimes programmed so they are always near the player (rubberband effect).
Arcade aviation games also use physics and simplified controls compared to flight simulators. It is meant to have an easy learning curve, to preserve the components of their actions. The increasing number of flight console video games, ranging from Crimson Skies to Ace Combat and Secret Weapons Over Normandy show the heavy drop sim flight popularity for the instant arcade flight action. Other types of arcade-style games include fighting games (often played with arcade controllers), defeating em up games (including fast-paced hack and slash games), light rail shooters and sniper "bullet hell" (intuitive and fast controls) difficulty), music games (especially rhythm games), and mobile/casual games (intuitive controls and often played in short sessions).
arcade action game
The term "game arcade" is also used to refer to action video games designed to play similar to the arcade game with a malignant and addictive game game. The focus of arcade action games is on user reflexes, and games typically feature very little puzzle-solving, complex thinking, or strategic skills. Games with complex thinking are referred to as strategy video games or puzzle video games.
Emulation
Emulators like MAME, which can run on modern computers and a host of other devices, aim to preserve past games. Emulators allow game enthusiasts to play old video games using real code from the 1970s or 1980s, translated by modern software systems. Legitimate emulated titles began appearing on Macintosh (1994) with floppy disks Williams, Sony PlayStation (1996) and Sega Saturn (1997), with CD-ROM compilations such as Great Great Hits Great and Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 1 , and on PlayStation 2 and GameCube with DVD-ROM titles like Midway Arcade Treasures . Arcade games are currently being downloaded and imitated via the Nintendo Wii Virtual Console Service from 2009 with Gaplus , Mappy , Space Harrier , Star Force , Tower Tower , Tecmo Bowl , Altered Beast and more. Other classic arcade games like Asteroid , Tron , Tron Disc , Yie Ar Kung-Fu , Pac Missile Command is emulated on the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade.
Industry
In addition to restaurant and arcade video, arcade games are also found in bowling alleys, campuses, video rental stores, dorms, laundry, cinemas, supermarkets, shopping malls, airports, ice rinks, corner shops, truck stops, bars/pubs, hotels, and even bakeries. In short, arcade games are popular in the open to the public where people tend to have free time.
The American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) is a trade association established in 1981 representing the coin-operated entertainment machinery industry, including 120 distributors and arcade game manufacturers.
List of highest grossing games
For arcade games, success is usually judged by the number of arcade hardware units sold to the carrier, or the amount of revenue generated, of the number of coins (such as quarters or 100 yen coins) inserted into the machine, or hardware sales (at hardware prices arcades often range from $ 1000 to $ 4000 or more). This list only includes arcade games that have sold over 1000 hardware units or generated more than US $ 1 million in revenue. Most of the games in this list come from the golden age of arcade video games, though some also come from before and after the golden age.
Bestselling arcade video game franchise
This is a combined hardware sale of at least two or more arcade games that are part of the same franchise. This list only includes franchises that have sold at least 5,000 hardware units or earned at least $ 10 million in revenue.
See also
Footnote
References
External links
- Arcade Video Preservation Community
- Automatic age trading Automated trading group, 1925-1945
- System 16 - The Arcade Museum
- Arkade History (Coin-Op Database)
- The Museum of Soviet Arcade Games (blog article)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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